Abundance of the elements

Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

 * C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
 * C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
 * C3 — Crust: Greenwood
 * C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
 * C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
 * C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
 * U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
 * U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)

Urban soils
The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.

Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).

Sea water
Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)
 * W1 — CRC Handbook
 * W2 — Kaye & Laby

Sun and solar system
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
 * S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
 * Y1 — Solar system: Kaye & Laby
 * Y2 — Solar system: Ahrens, with uncertainty s (%)