War on terror

The war on terror, also known as the Global War on Terrorism, is an international military campaign launched by the after the. The targets of the campaign are primarily   armed groups located throughout the, with the most prominent groups being , the , the , , and the various franchise groups of the former two organizations. The naming of the campaign uses a to refer to a variety of actions that do not constitute a specific war as traditionally defined. U.S. president first used the  "war on terrorism" on 16 September 2001, and then "war on terror" a few days later in a formal speech to Congress. In the latter speech, George Bush stated, "Our enemy is a radical network of terrorists and every government that supports them." The term was originally used with a particular focus on countries associated with. The term was immediately criticised by such people as, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and more nuanced terms subsequently came to be used by the to publicly define the international campaign led by the U.S. It was never used as a formal designation of U.S. operations in internal government documentation. There was a medal issued in the name of terrorism, however, the "".

U.S. President announced on 23 May 2013 that the Global War on Terror was over, saying the military and intelligence agencies will not wage war against a tactic but will instead focus on a specific group of networks determined to destroy the U.S. On 28 December 2014, the Obama administration announced the end of the combat role of the U.S.-led mission in Afghanistan. However, the unexpected rise of the (ISIL) terror group—also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)—led to a new operation against terror in the Middle East and South Asia,.

focused on morality, efficiency, and economics; some, including later president, objected to the phrase itself as a. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce, and infringe upon human rights. Critics also assert that the term "war" is not appropriate in this context (much like the term "") since there is no identifiable enemy and it is unlikely that international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.

Etymology
The phrase "War on Terror" has been used to specifically refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the U.S., U.K. and their allies against organizations and regimes identified by them as terrorist, and usually excludes other independent such as those by Russia and India. The conflict has also been referred to by names other than the War on Terror. It has also been known as:
 * World War IV (assuming the was World War III)
 * Bush's War on Terror
 * The Long War
 * The Forever War
 * The Global War on Terror
 * The War Against al-Qaeda
 * The War Against al-Qaeda

History of use of the phrase and its rejection by the U.S. government
In 1984, the, which had significantly expanded the CIA-run the , employed the term "war against terrorism" to pass legislation aimed at countering terrorist groups in the wake of the  that killed 241 U.S. and 58 French. In 2017,  called the 1983 Beirut barracks bombing "the opening salvo in a war that we have waged ever since—the global war on terror."

The concept of the U.S. at war with terrorism may have begun on 11 September 2001 when, having just witnessed the collapse of one of the towers of the , declared "Terrorists have declared war on [America]."

On 16 September 2001, at, U.S. president George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in an ostensibly unscripted comment when answering a journalist's question about the impact of enhanced law enforcement authority given to the agencies on Americans' civil liberties: "This is a new kind of—a new kind of evil.  And we understand.  And the American people are beginning to understand. This crusade, this war on terrorism is going to take a while.  And the American people must be patient.  I'm going to be patient." Shortly after, the White House said the president regretted use of the term crusade, as it might have been misunderstood as referring to the historical ; the word crusade was not used again. On 20 September 2001, during a televised address to a joint session of Congress, George Bush said, "Our war on terror begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."

In April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase "war on terror" as they found it to be less than helpful. This was explained more recently by Lady. In her 2011, the former head of said that the 9/11 attacks were "a crime, not an act of war. So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror."

U.S. president rarely used the term, but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he stated: "Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred." In March 2009 the Defense Department officially changed the name of operations from "Global War on Terror" to "Overseas Contingency Operation" (OCO). In March 2009, the requested that  staff members avoid the use of the term and instead to use "Overseas Contingency Operation". Basic objectives of the Bush administration "war on terror", such as targeting al Qaeda and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place.

In May 2010, the Obama administration published a report outlining its. The document dropped the Bush-era phrase "global war on terror" and reference to "Islamic extremism," and stated, "This is not a global war against a tactic—terrorism, or a religion—Islam. We are at war with a specific network, al-Qaeda, and its terrorist affiliates who support efforts to attack the United States, our allies, and partners."

In December 2012,, the , stated that the military fight would be replaced by a operation when speaking at , predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened to be ineffective, and has been "effectively destroyed", and thus the conflict will not be an armed conflict under.

In May 2013, two years after the of, Barack Obama delivered a speech that employed the term global war on terror put in quotation marks (as officially transcribed by the White House): "Now, make no mistake, our nation is still threatened by terrorists. ... But we have to recognize that the threat has shifted and evolved from the one that came to our shores on 9/11. ... From our use of drones to the detention of terrorist suspects, the decisions that we are making now will define the type of nation—and world—that we leave to our children. So America is at a crossroads. We must define the nature and scope of this struggle, or else it will define us. We have to be mindful of James Madison's warning that "No nation could preserve its freedom in the midst of continual warfare." ... In Afghanistan, we will complete our transition to Afghan responsibility for that country's security. ... Beyond Afghanistan, we must define our effort not as a boundless "global war on terror," but rather as a series of persistent, targeted efforts to dismantle specific networks of violent extremists that threaten America. In many cases, this will involve partnerships with other countries." Nevertheless, in the same speech, in a bid to emphasise the legality of military actions undertaken by the U.S., noting that the use of force, he went on to say, "Under domestic law, and international law, the United States is at war with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and their associated forces. We are at war with an organization that right now would kill as many Americans as they could if we did not stop them first. So this is a just war—a war waged proportionally, in last resort, and in self-defense."

The rhetorical war on terror
Because the actions involved in the "war on terrorism" are diffuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear, political theorist Richard Jackson has argued that "the 'war on terrorism,' therefore, is simultaneously a set of actual practices—wars, covert operations, agencies, and institutions—and an accompanying series of assumptions, beliefs, justifications, and narratives—it is an entire language or discourse." Jackson cites among many examples a statement by that "the attacks of September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between the civil and the savage". Administration officials also described "terrorists" as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, mad, twisted, perverted, without faith,, inhuman, and, most commonly, evil. Americans, in contrast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.

Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a source of ongoing controversy, as critics argue it has been used to justify unilateral, human rights abuses and other violations of international law.

Precursor to the 11 September attacks
The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced back to the (December 1979 – February 1989). The United States, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia,, and the People's Republic of China supported the Afghan   against the military forces of the Soviet Union and the. A small number of "Afghan Arab" volunteers joined the fight against the Soviets, including, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance. In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in, where the Islamist extremist regime of the had seized power earlier in the year. In August 1996, Bin Laden declared jihad against the United States. In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a, as head of al-Qaeda, on the West and ; in May al-Qaeda released a video declaring war on the U.S. and the West.

On 7 August 1998, al-Qaeda, killing 224 people, including 12 Americans. In retaliation, U.S. President launched, a bombing campaign in  and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted were associated with WIFJAJC, although others have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan was used as a chemical warfare facility. The plant produced much of the region's s and around 50% of Sudan's pharmaceutical needs. The strikes failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.

Next came the, which included an attempted bombing of. On 12 October 2000, the occurred near the port of Yemen, and 17   were killed.

11 September attacks
On the morning of 11 September 2001,  four s all bound for California. Once the hijackers assumed control of the jet airliners, they told the passengers that they had a on board and would spare the lives of passengers and crew once their demands were met – no passenger and crew actually suspected that they would use the jet airliners as s since it had never happened before in history, and many previous hijacking attempts had been resolved with the passengers and crew escaping unharmed after obeying the hijackers. The hijackers – members of al-Qaeda's – intentionally crashed two jet airliners into the Twin Towers of the  in. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from fire damage related to the crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third jet airliner into in, just outside  The fourth jet airliner crashed into a field near , , after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the jet airliners, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the  or the. None of the flights had any survivors. A total of 2,977 victims and the 19 hijackers perished in the attacks. Fifteen of the nineteen were citizens of, and the others were from the (2), , and.

On 13 September, for the first time ever, invoked  of the, which commits each member state to consider an armed attack against one member state to be an armed attack against them all. On 18 September 2001, President Bush signed the passed by Congress a few days prior.

U.S. objectives
The or "AUMF" was made law on 14 September 2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the attacks on 11 September 2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or persons he determines planned, authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on 11 September 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, to prevent any future acts of international terrorism against the United States by such nations, organizations or individuals. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specific statutory authorization within the meaning of section 5(b) of the of 1973.

The defined the following objectives in the War on Terror:


 * 1) Defeat terrorists such as,  and destroy their organizations
 * 2) Identify, locate and demolish terrorists along with their organizations
 * 3) Reject sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists
 * 4) End the
 * 5) Establish and maintain an international standard of responsibility concerning combating terrorism
 * 6) Strengthen and maintain the international effort to combat terrorism
 * 7) Function with willing and able states
 * 8) Enable weak states
 * 9) Persuade reluctant states
 * 10) Compel unwilling states
 * 11) Intervene and dismantle material support for terrorists
 * 12) Abolish terrorist sanctuaries and havens
 * 13) Reduce the underlying conditions that terrorists seek to exploit
 * 14) Establish partnerships with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent (re)emergence of terrorism
 * 15) Win the war of ideals
 * 16) Protect U.S. citizens and interests at home and abroad
 * 17) Integrate the
 * 18) Attain domain awareness
 * 19) Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical, physical, and information-based infrastructures at home and abroad
 * 20) Implement measures to protect U.S. citizens abroad
 * 21) Ensure an integrated incident management capacity

Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Enduring Freedom is the official name used by the Bush administration for the, together with three smaller military actions, under the umbrella of the Global War on Terror. are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda fighters or affiliates.

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
On 20 September 2001, in the wake of the, George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan, the , to turn over Osama bin Laden and leaders operating in the country or face attack. The Taliban demanded evidence of bin Laden's link to the 11 September attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court. The U.S. refused to provide any evidence.

Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan,. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies). It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

In March 2002, the U.S. and other and non-NATO forces launched  with the goal of destroying any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the  and  of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region.

The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against Coalition forces in late 2002. Throughout southern and eastern Afghanistan, firefights broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded with a series of military offensives and an increase of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010, Coalition forces launched in southern Afghanistan along with other military offensives in the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency once and for all. Peace talks are also underway between Taliban affiliated fighters and Coalition forces. In September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States signed a security agreement, which permits the United States and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least 2024. The and other NATO and non-NATO forces are planning to ; with the Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and NATO, and the  viewing it as a victory. In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and began as the NATO operation in Afghanistan. Continued United States operations within Afghanistan will continue under the name "Operation Freedom's Sentinel".

International Security Assistance Force
The NATO-led (ISAF) was created in December 2001 to assist the  and the first post-Taliban elected government. With a renewed Taliban insurgency, it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the U.S. troops in the province as part of Operation Enduring Freedom.

The British (later reinforced by ) formed the core of the force in southern Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Australia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force consisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400 from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along with special forces from Denmark and and small contingents from other nations. The monthly supply of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in Pakistani Rupees.

Iraq and Syria
had been listed as a by the U.S. since 1990, when. Iraq had also been on the list from 1979 to 1982; it was removed so that the U.S. could provide material support to Iraq in its. Hussein's regime had proven to be a problem for the UN and Iraq's neighbors due to its use of against  and  in the 1980s.

Iraqi no-fly zones
Following the ceasefire agreement that suspended hostilities (but not officially ended) in the 1991, the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling , to protect Iraq's and   population—both of which suffered attacks from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War—in Iraq's northern and southern regions, respectively. U.S. forces continued in combat zone deployments through November 1995 and launched against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet U.S. demands for "unconditional cooperation" in weapons inspections.

In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox, during December 1998, Iraq announced that it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down U.S. aircraft.

Operation Iraqi Freedom
The Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air campaign, which was immediately followed by a. The Bush administration cited UNSC Resolution 1441, which warned of "serious consequences" for violations such as. The Bush administration also was part of the War on Terror, a claim later.

The first ground attack came at the on 21 March 2003, when a combined force of British, U.S. and Polish forces seized control of the port city of. , Iraq's capital city, in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The rebellion, which included, led to far more coalition casualties. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and s. Many insurgency leaders were  and claimed to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic  of centuries past. Saddam Hussein in December 2003 and  in 2006.

In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The U.S. launched offensives on insurgent strongholds in cities like and.

In January 2007, President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon theories and tactics developed by General. The was part of this "new way forward", which along with U.S. backing of  groups it had previously sought to defeat has been credited with a widely recognized dramatic decrease in violence by up to 80%.

Operation New Dawn
The war entered a new phase on 1 September 2010, with the official end of U.S. combat operations. The last U.S. troops on 18 December 2011.

Operation Inherent Resolve (Syria and Iraq)
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaeda's organization, the Iraqi franchise, known as covertly invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support and strength to re-invade Iraq's western provinces under the name of the  (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a -like action and combining the  and  into a single conflict. Due to their extreme brutality and a complete change in their overall ideology, Al Qaeda's core organization in Central Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their affiliates to cut off all ties with this organization. Many analysts believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of the world's most powerful terrorist organization.

The Obama administration began to re-engage in Iraq with a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS starting on 10 August 2014. On 9 September 2014, President Obama said that he had the authority he needed to take action to destroy the militant group known as the, citing the 2001 Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, and thus did not require additional approval from Congress. The following day on 10 September 2014 President Barack Obama made a televised speech about ISIL, which he stated: "Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy, ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counter-terrorism strategy". Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within Syria. On the night of 21/22 September the United States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.

In October 2014, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Defense considers military operations against ISIL as being under Operation Enduring Freedom in regards to campaign medal awarding. On 15 October, the military intervention became known as "Operation Inherent Resolve".

Pakistan
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former President of Pakistan sided with the U.S. against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then U.S. President George W. Bush. Musharraf agreed to give the U.S. the use of three airbases for Operation Enduring Freedom. and other U.S. administration officials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001, Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of India and the U.S. if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testified that this stance was pressured by threats from the U.S., and revealed in his memoirs that he had "war-gamed" the United States as an adversary and decided that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.

On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his government was committed to rooting out extremism and made it clear that the banned militant organizations would not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said, "the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign influence".

In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a firm stand against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested, head of the , and , chief of the , and took dozens of activists into custody. An official ban was imposed on the groups on 12 January. Later that year, the born  was arrested by Pakistani officials during a series of joint U.S.-Pakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a high-ranking al-Qaeda official with the title of operations chief and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps. Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the following two years, namely, who is known to have been a financial backer of al-Qaeda operations, and , who at the time of his capture was the third highest-ranking official in al-Qaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for the 11 September attacks.

In 2004, the launched a campaign in the  of Pakistan's  region, sending in 80,000 troops. The goal of the conflict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the area.

After the fall of the Taliban regime, many members of the Taliban resistance fled to the Northern border region of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army had previously little control. With the logistics and air support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the USS Cole bombing, the, and the killing of  reporter.

The United States has carried out a campaign of on targets all over the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. However, the still operates there. To this day it is estimated that 15 U.S. soldiers were killed while fighting al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants in Pakistan since the War on Terror began.

Osama bin Laden, who was of many founders of al-Qaeda, his wife, and son, were all killed on 2 May 2011, during a raid conducted by the in, Pakistan.

The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA rather than the for strikes in Pakistan to avoid breaching sovereignty through military invasion. The United States was criticized by a report on drone warfare and for abusing the term 'Global War on Terror' to carry out military operations through government agencies without formally declaring war.

In the three years before the attacks of 11 September, Pakistan received approximately US$9 million in American military aid. In the three years after, the number increased to US$4.2 billion, making it the country with the maximum funding post 9/11.

Baluchistan
Various NGOs have reported human rights violations in committed by Pakistani armed forces. Approximately 18,000 Baluch residents are reportedly missing and about 2000 have been killed.

, leader of the, stated in a 2008 interview that he would accept aid from India, Afghanistan, and Iran in defending Baluchistan against Pakistani aggression. Pakistan has repeatedly accused India of supporting Baloch rebels, and David Wright-Neville writes that outside Pakistan, some Western observers also believe that India secretly funds the (BLA).

Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara
Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) is the name of the military operation conducted by the U.S. and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, consisting of counter-terrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa.

The began in January 2012 with radical Islamists (affiliated to al-Qaeda) advancing into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard time maintaining full control over their country. The fledgling government requested support from the international community on combating the Islamic militants. In January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian government's request and deployed troops into the region. They launched on 11 January 2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda affiliated groups from northern Mali.

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was titled OEF-HOA. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a specific organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its efforts to disrupt and detect militant activities in the region and to work with willing governments to prevent the reemergence of militant cells and activities.

In October 2002, the (CJTF-HOA) was established in  at. It contains approximately 2,000 personnel including U.S. military and special operations forces (SOF) and coalition force members, (CTF-150).

Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of nations, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments from entering the Horn of Africa region and affecting the United States'.

Included in the operation is the training of selected armed forces units of the countries of Djibouti, and  in counter-terrorism and  tactics. Humanitarian efforts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics and providing medical services to those countries whose forces are being trained.

The program expands as part of the as CJTF personnel also assist in training the armed forces of, Niger,  and. However, the War on Terror does not include Sudan, where over 400,000 have died in an ongoing civil war.

On 1 July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged to build an  in the country and warned western governments that the al-Qaeda network would fight against them if they intervened there.

Somalia has been considered a "" because its official central government was weak, dominated by warlords and unable to exert effective control over the country. Beginning in mid-2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration of "law and order" through law, had rapidly taken control of much of southern Somalia.

On 14 December 2006, the U.S. Assistant Secretary of State claimed al-Qaeda cell operatives were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, a claim denied by the ICU.

By late 2006, the UN-backed (TFG) of Somalia had seen its power effectively limited to, while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of southern Somalia, including the capital of. On 20 December 2006, the Islamic Courts Union launched an on the government stronghold of Baidoa and saw early gains before Ethiopia intervened for the government.

By 26 December, the Islamic Courts Union retreated towards Mogadishu, before again retreating as TFG/Ethiopian troops neared, leaving them to take Mogadishu with. The ICU then fled to, where they fought Ethiopian/TFG forces in the.

The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three "terror suspects" from the are being sheltered in Kismayo. On 30 December 2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader called upon Muslims worldwide to fight against Ethiopia and the TFG in Somalia.

On 8 January 2007, the U.S. launched the by bombing  using  gunships.

On 14 September 2009, killed two men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of. Witnesses claim that helicopters used for the operation launched from French-flagged warships, but that could not be confirmed. A Somali-based al-Qaida affiliated group, the, has verified the death of "sheik commander" along with an unspecified number of militants. Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the.

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines
In January 2002, the deployed to the  to advise and assist the  in combating Filipino Islamist groups. The operations were mainly focused on removing the group and  (JI) from their stronghold on the island of. The second portion of the operation was conducted as a humanitarian program called "Operation Smiles". The goal of the program was to provide medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part of a "Hearts and Minds" program. Joint Special Operations Task Force – Philippines disbanded in June 2014, ending a successful 12-year mission. After JSOTF-P had disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces continued to operate in the Philippines under the name "PACOM Augmentation Team", until 24 February 2015. By 2018, American operations within the Philippines against terrorist was renamed, which involves as many as 300 advisers.

Islamic State of Lanao and the Battle of Marawi
With the rise of the (ISIL), jihadist offshoots sprung up in, including the Philippines. The, composed of former guerrillas and foreign fighters led by , the alleged founder of a Dawlah Islamiya, declared loyalty to ISIL and began clashing with Philippine security forces and staging. On 23 May 2017, the group attacked the city of, resulting in the bloody that lasted 5 months. After the decisive battle, remnants of the group were reportedly still recruiting in 2017 and 2018.

Operation Pacific Eagle – Philippines
On 1 September 2017, the US Secretary of Defence designated Operation Pacific Eagle - Philippines (OPE-P) as a contingency operation to support the Philippine government and the military in their efforts to isolate, degrade, and defeat the affiliates of ISIS (collectively referred to as ISIS-Philippines or ISIS-P) and other terrorist organisations in the Philippines.

Yemen
The United States has also conducted a in Yemen since the War on Terror began. Yemen has a weak central government and a powerful tribal system that leaves large lawless areas open for militant training and operations. Al-Qaeda has a strong presence in the country. On 31 March 2011, AQAP declared the Al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen after its captured most of.

The U.S., in an effort to support Yemeni counter-terrorism efforts, has increased their military aid package to Yemen from less than $11 million in 2006 to more than $70 million in 2009, as well as providing up to $121 million for development over the next three years.

Israel
Israel has been fighting terrorist groups such as, , and Islamic Jihad, who are all Iran's proxies aimed at Iran's objective to destroy Israel. According to the : "Since 1979, Iran has been responsible for countless terrorist plots, directly through regime agents or indirectly through proxies like Hamas and Hezbollah." In 2006, U.S. President said that Israel's war on terrorist group Hezbollah was part of war on terror.

Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia witnessed multiple terror attacks from different groups such as Al-Qaeda, whose leader, Osama Bin Laden, declared war on the Saudi government. On 16 June 1996, the killed 19 U.S. soldiers. The concluded that Hezbollah, likely with the support of the Iranian regime, was the perpetrator of that bombing in Saudi Arabia. It said there are "signs" that Al-Qaeda also played a role.

Libya
On 19 March 2011, a multi-state coalition began a military action in Libya, ostensibly to implement. The United Nations Intent and Voting was to have "an immediate ceasefire in Libya, including an end to the current attacks against civilians, which it said might constitute crimes against humanity" ... "imposing a ban on all flights in the country's airspace – a no-fly zone – and tightened sanctions on the Qadhafi regime and its supporters." The resolution was taken in response to events during the, and military operations began, with American and British naval forces firing over 110 , the , British , and undertaking  across Libya and a naval  by Coalition forces. French jets launched air strikes against Libyan Army tanks and vehicles. The Libyan government response to the campaign was totally ineffectual, with Gaddafi's forces not managing to shoot down a single plane despite the country possessing 30 heavy  batteries, 17 medium SAM batteries, 55 light SAM batteries (a total of 400–450 launchers, including 130–150  launchers and some  launchers), and 440–600 short-range air-defense guns. The official names for the interventions by the coalition members are by France;  by the United Kingdom;  for the Canadian participation and  for the United States.

From the beginning of the intervention, the initial coalition of, Canada, , France, Italy, , , Spain, UK, and U.S. expanded to nineteen states, with newer states mostly enforcing the no-fly zone and naval blockade or providing military logistical assistance. The effort was initially largely led by France and the United Kingdom, with command shared with the United States. NATO took control of the arms embargo on 23 March, named. An attempt to unify the military leadership of the air campaign (while keeping political and strategic control with a small group), first failed over objections by the French, German, and Turkish governments. On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone, while command of targeting ground units remains with coalition forces. The handover occurred on 31 March 2011 at 06:00 (08:00 local time). NATO flew 26,500 sorties since it took charge of the Libya mission on 31 March 2011.

Fighting in Libya ended in late October following the, and NATO stated it would end operations over Libya on 31 October 2011. Libya's requested its mission to be extended to the end of the year, but on 27 October, the Security Council voted to end NATO's mandate for military action on 31 October.

NBC News reported that in mid-2014,. Taking advantage of a power vacuum in the center of the country, far from the major cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, ISIS expanded rapidly over the next 18 months. Local militants were joined by jihadists from the rest of North Africa, the Middle East, Europe and the Caucasus. The force absorbed or defeated other Islamist groups inside Libya and the central ISIS leadership in Raqqa, Syria, began urging foreign recruits to head for Libya instead of Syria. ISIS seized control of the coastal city of in early 2015 and then began to expand to the east and south. By the beginning of 2016, it had effective control of 120 to 150 miles of coastline and portions of the interior and had reached Eastern Libya's major population center,. In spring 2016, estimated that ISIS had about 5,000 fighters in its stronghold of Sirte.

However, the indigenous rebel groups who had staked their claims to Libya and turned their weapons on ISIS—with the help of airstrikes by Western forces, including U.S. drones, the Libyan population resented the outsiders who wanted to establish a fundamentalist regime on their soil. Militias loyal to the new Libyan unity government, plus a separate and rival force loyal to a former officer in the Qaddafi regime, and the surrounding areas that lasted for months. According to U.S. military estimates, ISIS ranks shrank to somewhere between a few hundred and 2,000 fighters. In August 2016, the that, along with continued pressure on the ground from the Libyan militias, pushed the remaining ISIS fighters back into Sirte, In all, U.S. drones and planes hit ISIS nearly 590 times, the Libyan militias reclaimed the city in mid-December. On 18 January 2017, ABC News reported that two USAF struck two ISIS camps 28 mi south of Sirte, the airstrikes targeted between 80 and 100 ISIS fighters in multiple camps, an unmanned aircraft also participated in the airstrikes. NBC News reported that as many as 90 ISIS fighters were killed in the strike, a U.S. defense official said that "This was the largest remaining ISIS presence in Libya," and that "They have been largely marginalized, but I am hesitant to say they have been eliminated in Libya."

Operation Active Endeavour
Operation Active Endeavour is a of NATO started in October 2001 in response to the 11 September attacks. It operates in the Mediterranean and is designed to prevent the movement of militants or and to enhance the security of shipping in general.

Fighting in Kashmir
In a 'Letter to American People' written by in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was fighting America is because of its support of India on the Kashmir issue. While on a trip to Delhi in 2002, U.S. Secretary of Defense suggested that  was active in Kashmir, though he did not have any hard evidence. In 2002, published an article claiming that Al-Qaeda and its affiliates were "thriving" in  with the tacit approval of Pakistan's National Intelligence agency. A team of and  was sent into  in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after reports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant group. U.S. officials believed that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir to provoke conflict between India and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaeda's 1998 declaration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack all Americans and their allies. Indian sources claimed that In 2006, Al-Qaeda claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worried the Indian government. India also argued that Al-Qaeda has strong ties with the Kashmir militant groups and  in Pakistan. While on a visit to Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense Secretary stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the region and planning to provoke a nuclear war between India and Pakistan.

In September 2009, a U.S. reportedly killed, who was the chief of , a Kashmiri militant group associated with Al-Qaeda. Kashmiri was described by as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member, while others described him as the head of military operations for Al-Qaeda. had now become the new battlefield for Kashmiri militants, who were now fighting in support of Al-Qaeda. On 8 July 2012, Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on the conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for a mobilization of resources for continuation of jihad in Kashmir.

American military intervention in Cameroon
In October 2015, the U.S. began deploying 300 soldiers to, with the invitation of the Cameroonian government, to support African forces in a non-combat role in their fight against ISIS insurgency in that country. The troops' primary missions will revolve around providing intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights.

International military support
The invasion of Afghanistan is seen to have been the first action of this war, and initially involved forces from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghan. Since the initial invasion period, these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand and Norway amongst others. In 2006, there were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan.

On 12 September 2001, less than 24 hours after the 11 September attacks in New York City and Washington, D.C., NATO invoked Article 5 of the and declared the attacks to be an attack against all 19 NATO member countries. Australian Prime Minister also stated that Australia would invoke the  Treaty along similar lines.

In the following months, NATO took a broad range of measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22 November 2002, the member states of the (EAPC) decided on a Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states, "[The] EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism." NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general called Operation Active Endeavour.

Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the (a.k.a. Waziristan War or North-West Pakistan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.

Al-Qaeda
Since 9/11, Al-Qaeda and other affiliated radical Islamist groups have executed attacks in several parts of the world where conflicts are not taking place. Whereas countries like Pakistan have suffered hundreds of attacks killing tens of thousands and displacing much more.
 * The in Indonesia were committed by various members of, an organization linked to Al-Qaeda.
 * The were carried out by, an Al-Qaeda affiliate.
 * After the, Turkey charged 74 people with involvement, including Syrian Al-Qaeda member.
 * The in Spain were "inspired by" Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement has been established.
 * The in the United Kingdom were perpetrated by four, one of whom appeared in an edited video with a known Al-Qaeda operative, though the British government denies Al-Qaeda involvement.
 * Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for the in Algeria.
 * The in the United Kingdom was carried out by a pair of bombers whose laptops and suicide notes included videos and speeches referencing Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement was established.
 * The in the United States was committed by, who had been in communication with , though the Department of Defense classifies the shooting as an incidence of workplace violence.
 * Morocco blames Al-Qaeda for the, though Al-Qaeda denies involvement.
 * The 2012 in France were committed by Mohammed Merah, who reportedly had familial ties to Al-Qaeda, along with a history of petty crime and psychological issues. Merah claimed ties to Al-Qaeda, though French authorities deny any connection.
 * To date, no one has been convicted for the 2012 in Libya, and no one has claimed responsibility. Branches of Al-Qaeda, Al-Qaeda affiliates, and individuals "sympathetic to Al-Qaeda" are blamed.
 * The gunmen in the 2015 in Paris identified themselves as belonging to Al-Qaeda's.

There may also have been several additional planned attacks that were not successful.
 * (The United States and the United Kingdom)
 * (United Kingdom)
 * (Canada)
 * involving liquid explosives carried onto commercial airplanes
 * 2006 (United States)
 * (United States)
 * (United Kingdom)
 * (United States)
 * (United States)
 * (The United States and the United Kingdom)
 * 2009 bombing plot (United States)
 * (Sweden)
 * (United States)
 * (United States)
 * (United States)
 * (United States)
 * (Canada)

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL)

 * 2013 in Turkey that led to 52 deaths and the injury of 140 people.
 * 2014, an ISIL-inspired attack on Canada's Parliament, resulting in the death of a Canadian soldier, as well as that of the perpetrator.
 * 2015 perpetrated by  in Paris, which led to four deaths and the injury of nine others.
 * on 27 January in Libya that resulted in 10 deaths.
 * on 20 March that led to the death of 142 and injury of 351 people.
 * 2015 on 3 May 2015 that resulted in the injury of one.
 * on the 13th that left at least 137 dead and injured at least 352 civilians caused France to be put under a state of emergency, close its borders and deploy three French contingency plans. Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attacks, with French President later stated the attacks were carried out "by the Islamic state with internal help".
 * on 2 December 2015, two gunmen attacked a county building in San Bernardino, California killing 16 people and injuring 24 others.
 * on 22 March 2016 two bombing attacks, first at and the second at the, killed 35 people and injured more than 300.
 * on 12 June 2016 a gunman opened fire at the Pulse nightclub in Orlando, Florida killing 50 people and wounding 53 others. It was the second worst mass shooting in U.S. history.
 * As well as a thwarted 2014 in Australia.

Post 9/11 events inside the United States
In addition to military efforts abroad, in the aftermath of 9/11, the Bush Administration increased domestic efforts to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucracies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the was created in November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the U.S. federal government since the consolidation of the armed forces into the Department of Defense.

The Justice Department launched the for certain male non-citizens in the U.S., requiring them to register in person at offices of the.

The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies' ability to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, financial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign intelligence gathering within the United States; expands the 's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorism-related acts. The act also expanded the definition of terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT Act's expanded law enforcement powers could be applied. A new monitored the movements of terrorists' financial resources (discontinued after being revealed by ). Global telecommunication usage, including those with no links to terrorism, is being collected and monitored through the. The Patriot Act is still in effect.

Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible violations of the. On 30 July 2003, the (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the  to violate a citizen's  rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in many communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

In a speech on 9 June 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been convicted. Meanwhile, the ACLU quoted Justice Department figures showing that 7,000 people have complained of abuse of the Act.

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the  program, designed to promote information technologies that could be used in counter-terrorism. This program, facing criticism, has since been defunded by Congress.

By 2003, 12 major conventions and protocols were designed to combat terrorism. These were adopted and ratified by many states. These conventions require states to co-operate on principal issues regarding unlawful seizure of aircraft, the physical protection of nuclear materials, and the freezing of assets of militant networks.

In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws. Although both resolutions require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same year, the and the  issued a planning document, by the name "National Military Strategic Plan for the War on Terrorism", which stated that it constituted the "comprehensive military plan to prosecute the Global War on Terror for the ...including the findings and recommendations of the  and a rigorous examination with the Department of Defense".

On 9 January 2007, the House of Representatives passed a bill, by a vote of 299–128, enacting many of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission The bill passed in the U.S. Senate, by a vote of 60–38, on 13 March 2007 and it was signed into law on 3 August 2007 by President Bush. It became Public Law 110-53. In July 2012, U.S. Senate passed a resolution urging that the be designated a.

The was secretly created after 9/11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts but was closed soon after being discovered. The Bush administration implemented the (or Continuity of Government) to ensure that U.S. government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances.

Since 9/11, extremists made various attempts to attack the United States, with varying levels of organization and skill. For example, vigilant passengers aboard a transatlantic flight prevented, in 2001, and , in 2009, from detonating an explosive device.

Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools, sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments.

Such thwarted attacks include:
 * The
 * A plan to crash airplanes into the (aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles
 * The 2003 plot by to blow up the  in New York City
 * The, which targeted the and  buildings in Washington, D.C., the  and other financial institutions
 * The 2004
 * The
 * The
 * The
 * The and

The Obama administration has promised the closing of the, increased the number of troops in , and promised the withdrawal of its forces from.

"Extraordinary rendition"
After the 11 September attacks, the United States government commenced a program of illegal "," sometimes referred to as "irregular rendition" or "forced rendition," the government-sponsored and  transfer of a person from one country to transferee countries, with the consent of transferee countries. The aim of extraordinary rendition is often conducting on the detainee that would be difficult to conduct in the U.S. legal environment, a practice known as. Starting in 2002, U.S. government rendered hundreds of s for U.S. detention, and transported detainees to U.S. controlled sites as part of an extensive interrogation program that included. Extraordinary rendition continued under the administration; with targets being interrogated and subsequently taken to the US for trial.

The considers one nation abducting the citizens of another a. In July 2014 the condemned the  for participating in CIA extraordinary rendition, ordering Poland to pay restitution to men who had been abducted, taken to a CIA  in Poland, and tortured.

Rendition to "Black Sites"
In 2005, The Washington Post and (HRW) published revelations concerning kidnapping of detainees by the  and their transport to "s," covert prisons operated by the CIA whose existence is denied by the US government. The published a report connecting use of such secret detention Black Sites for detainees kidnapped as part of extraordinary rendition (). Although some Black Sites have been known to exist inside states, these detention centers violate the  (ECHR) and the, treaties that all EU member states are bound to follow. The U.S. had ratified the United Nations Convention Against Torture in 1994.

According to two such facilities, in countries mentioned by Human Rights Watch, have been closed following the recent publicity with the CIA relocating the detainees. Almost all of these detainees were tortured as part of the "" of the CIA.

Criticism of American Media's Withholding of Coverage
Major American newspapers, such as "," have been criticized for deliberately withholding publication of articles reporting locations of Black Sites. The Post defended its decision to suppress this news on the ground that such revelations "could open the to legal challenges, particularly in foreign courts, and increase the risk of political condemnation at home and abroad." However, according to "the possibility that illegal, unpopular government actions might be disrupted is not a consequence to be feared, however—it's the whole point of the . ... Without the basic fact of where these prisons are, it's difficult if not impossible for 'legal challenges' or 'political condemnation' to force them to close." FAIR argued that the damage done to the global reputation of the United States by the continued existence of black-site prisons was more dangerous than any threat caused by the exposure of their locations.

"The complex at Stare Kiejkuty, a Soviet-era compound once used by German intelligence in World War II, is best known as having been the only Russian intelligence training school to operate outside the Soviet Union. Its prominence in the Soviet era suggests that it may have been the facility first identified—but never named—when the Washington Post's Dana Priest revealed the existence of the CIA's secret prison network in November 2005."

The journalists who exposed this provided their sources and this information and documents were provided to The Washington Post in 2005. In addition, they also identified such Black Sites are concealed:

"Former European and US intelligence officials indicate that the secret prisons across the European Union, first identified by the Washington Post, are likely not permanent locations, making them difficult to identify and locate.

What some believe was a network of secret prisons was most probably a series of facilities used temporarily by the United States when needed, officials say. Interim "black sites"—secret facilities used for covert activities—can be as small as a room in a government building, which only becomes a black site when a prisoner is brought in for short-term detainment and interrogation."

The journalists went on to explain that "Such a site, sources say, would have to be near an airport." The airport in question is the.

In response to these allegations, former Polish intelligence chief,, embarked on a media blitz and claimed that the allegations were "... part of the domestic political battle in the US over who is to succeed current Republican President George W Bush," according to the German news agency Deutsche Presse Agentur.

Prison ships
The United States has also been accused of operating "" to house and transport those arrested in its, according to human rights lawyers. They have claimed that the US has tried to conceal the numbers and whereabouts of detainees. Although no credible information to support these assertions has ever come to light, the alleged justification for prison ships is primarily to remove the ability for jihadists to target a fixed location to facilitate the escape of high value targets, commanders, operations chiefs etc.

Guantanamo Bay detention camp
The U.S. government set up the in 2002, a United States  located in. President declared that the, a treaty ratified by the U.S. and therefore among the highest law of the land, which protects , would not apply to Taliban and al Qaida detainees captured in Afghanistan. Since inmates were and several detainees have allegedly been d, this camp is considered to be a major breach of human rights by. The detention camp was set up by the U.S. government on Guantanamo Bay since the military base is arguably not legally domestic US territory and thus was a "legal black hole." Most prisoners of Guantanamo were eventually freed without ever being charged with any crime, and were transferred to other countries.

Casualties
According to Joshua Goldstein, an professor at the, The Global War on Terror has seen fewer war deaths than any other decade in the past century.

There is no widely agreed on figure for the number of people that have been killed so far in the War on Terror as it has been defined by the Bush Administration to include the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq, and operations elsewhere. The and the Physicians for Social Responsibility and Physicians for Global Survival give total estimates ranging from 1.3 million to 2 million casualties. Another study from 2018 by Brown University's puts the total number of casualties of the War on Terror in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan between 480,000 and 507,000. A 2019 Brown University study places the number of direct deaths caused by the War on Terror at over 800,000 when Syria and Yemen are included, with the toll rising to 3.1 million or more once indirect deaths are taken into account. Some estimates for regional conflicts include the following:


 * Iraq: 62,570 to 1,124,000
 * documented 110,937–121,227 civilian deaths from violence from March 2003 to December 2012.
 * 110,600 deaths in total according to the from March 2003 to April 2009.
 * 151,000 deaths in total according to the.
 * conducted 12–19 August 2007 estimated 1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq War. The range given was 946,000 to 1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their roof) were killed due to the Iraq War. 22% of the respondents had lost one or more household members. ORB reported that "48% died from a gunshot wound, 20% from the impact of a car bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6% as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance."
 * Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated Iraqi (655,000 with a confidence interval of 95%), civilian and combatant, according to the second.
 * A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths reported in the mass media up to 28 April 2007 according to.
 * 4,409 U.S. military dead (929 non-hostile deaths), and 31,926 wounded in action during Operation Iraqi Freedom. 66 U.S. Military Dead (28 non-hostile deaths), and 295 wounded in action during Operation New Dawn.


 * Afghanistan: between 10,960 and 249,000


 * 16,725–19,013 civilians killed according to from 2001 to 2013
 * According to Marc W. Herold's extensive database, between 3,100 and 3,600 civilians were directly killed by U.S. bombing and Special Forces attacks between 7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003. This estimate counts only "impact deaths"—deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shooting—and does not count deaths that occurred later as a result of injuries sustained, or deaths that occurred as an indirect consequence of the U.S. airstrikes and invasion.
 * In an opinion article published in August 2002 in the magazine , of the, questioned Professor Herold's study entirely by one single incident that involved 25–93 deaths. He did not provide any estimate his own.
 * In a pair of January 2002 studies, Carl Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that "at least" 4,200–4,500 civilians were killed by mid-January 2002 as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes, both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign, and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis.
 * His first study, "Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties?", released 18 January 2002, estimates that, at the low end, "at least" 1,000–1,300 civilians were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the three months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002. The author found it impossible to provide an upper-end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the bombing campaign that he noted as having an increased use of . In this lower-end estimate, only Western press sources were used for hard numbers, while heavy "reduction factors" were applied to Afghan government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as 75%.
 * In his companion study, "Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan war", released 30 January 2002, Conetta estimates that "at least" 3,200 more Afghans died by mid-January 2002, of "starvation, exposure, associated illnesses, or injury sustained while in flight from war zones", as a result of the war and Coalition airstrikes.
 * In similar numbers, a review of U.S., British, and Pakistani newspapers and international wire services found that between 1,067 and 1,201 direct civilian deaths were reported by those news organizations during the five months from 7 October 2001 to 28 February 2002. This review excluded all civilian deaths in Afghanistan that did not get reported by U.S., British, or Pakistani news, excluded 497 deaths that did get reported in U.S., British, and Pakistani news but that were not specifically identified as civilian or military, and excluded 754 civilian deaths that were reported by the Taliban but not independently confirmed.
 * According to of  between 20,000 and 49,600 people may have died of the consequences of the invasion by the spring of 2002.
 * 2,046 U.S. military dead (339 non-hostile deaths), and 18,201 wounded in action.
 * A report titled Body Count put together by, , and (IPPNW) concluded that between 185,000–249,000 people had been killed as a result of the fighting in Afghanistan.


 * Pakistan: Between 1467 and 2334 people were killed in U.S. drone attacks as of 6 May 2011. Tens of thousands have been killed by terrorist attacks, millions displaced.
 * Somalia: 7,000+
 * In December 2007, The Elman Peace and Human Rights Organization said it had verified 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516 people wounded, and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone during the year 2007.


 * USA
 * 1 June 2009, Pvt. William Andrew Long was shot and killed by, while outside a recruiting facility in Little Rock AR.
 * On 5 November 2009, shot and killed 13 people and wounded more than 30 others at.

Total casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan This table shows a comparison of total casualties between the two main theaters of the War on Terror - Iraq (since ) and Afghanistan (since ) - up until October 2018, as conducted by.

Total American casualties from the War on Terror ( this includes fighting throughout the ): The has diagnosed more than 200,000 American veterans with  since 2001.
 * Yemen

Total terrorist casualties
The total number of terrorist/insurgent/militant deaths since the commencement of the War on Terror in 2001 is generally estimated as being well into the hundreds of thousands, with hundreds of thousands of others captured or arrested. Iraq: In Iraq, some 26,544 insurgents were killed by the American-led coalition and the Iraqi Security Forces from 2003 to 2011. 119,752 suspected insurgents were arrested in Iraq from 2003 to 2007 alone, at which point 18,832 suspected insurgents had been reported killed; applying this same arrested-to-captured ratio to the total number of insurgents killed would equate to approximately 26,500 insurgents killed and 168,000 arrested from 2003 to 2011. At least 4,000 foreign fighters ( at that point) had been killed by September 2006, according to an official statement from. Insurgent casualties in the of the Iraqi conflict numbered 916 killed, with 3,504 more arrested.

From 2014 to the end of 2017, the United States government stated that over 80,000 Islamic State insurgents had been killed by American and allied airstrikes from 2014 to the end of 2017, in both Iraq and Syria. The majority of these strikes occurred within Iraq. ISIS deaths caused by the Iraqi Security Forces in this time are uncertain, but were probably significant. Over 26,000 ISF members were killed fighting ISIS from 2013 to the end of 2017, with ISIS losses likely being of a similar scale.

Syria According to the, 65,726 "jihadi" militants of non-Syrian nationalities were killed in Syria from 2011 up to March 2019, including members of (Al-Qaeda's Syria franchise), the Islamic State, the , and others. Many more "jihadis" of Syrian nationality were also killed, and not included in that total. The SOHR also reported that American and other airstrikes had killed a minimum of 9,156 ISIS fighters and 371 Al-Qaeda members in Syria up to July 2019, while Russian airstrikes had killed 5,260 ISIS fighters and 5,260 other militants (including members of both Islamist and non-Islamist rebel factions) up to July 2019. The American-backed claimed to have killed 28,600+ ISIS members and captured 11,400+ up to March 2019.

Afghanistan Insurgent and terrorist deaths in Afghanistan are hard to estimate. losses are most likely of a similar scale to Afghan National Army and Police losses; that is around 62,000 from 2001 to the end of 2018. In addition, Al-Qaeda's main branch and ISIS's Afghanistan branch are each thought to have lost several thousand killed there since 2001.

Pakistan The resulted in the deaths of 28,900+ militants from 2004 to 2018, with an unknown number captured, per the Pakistani government. The majority of these were killed in engagements with the. However, thousands were also killed in American.

Other theaters American forces (mostly via drone strikes) killed between 846 and 1,609 terrorists in Yemen (mostly members) up to June 2019, according to a variety of media organizations including the Bureau of Investigative Journalism and the New America Foundation. An spokesman for the  claimed that they had killed 1,000 Al-Qaeda linked militants and captured 1,500 up to August 2018.

The December 2006 to January 2009 in  resulted in the deaths of 6,000 to 8,000 Islamist insurgents, according to the Ethiopian government. The Kenyan Defence Forces claimed another 700+ insurgents killed in their own intervention of October 2011 to May 2012. American drone strikes, air strikes, and special forces ground raids in Somalia killed between 1,220 and 1,366 militants up to July 2019, according to the New American Foundation.

Over 1,600 Islamic State fighters ( having sworn allegiance to ISIS in 2014) were killed by government forces in the Philippines from 2014 to 2017 alone.

From April 2009 to March 2019, Russian military and police (primarily in the ) killed 2,329 and captured 2,744 insurgents of the and related groups.

Costs
The War on Terror, spanning decades, is a multitrillion-dollar war.

According to the Costs of War Project at, the War on Terror will have cost $5.6 trillion for operations between 2001-2018 plus anticipated future costs of veterans' care.

According to the Soufan Group in July 2015, the U.S. government was spending $9.4 million per day in operations against ISIS in Syria and Iraq.

A March 2011 Congressional report estimated war spending through the fiscal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion, and future spending through 2021 (assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops) at $1.8 trillion. A June 2011 academic report covering additional areas of war spending estimated it through 2011 at $2.7 trillion, and long-term spending at $5.4 trillion including interest.

Criticism
Criticism of the War on Terror addressed the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in ) since there is no identifiable enemy and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.

Other critics, such as, note that "" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a "war on terror", obscures differences between conflicts such as anti-occupation and international. With a military presence in and  and its associated collateral damage,  maintains this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the West. There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy, media-induced hysteria, and that differences in foreign and security policy have.

Other Wars on Terror
In the 2010s, has also been engaged in its own War on Terror, predominantly a domestic campaign in response to violent actions by  separatist movements in the. This campaign was widely criticized in international media due to the perception that it unfairly targets and, potentially resulting in a negative backlash from 's predominantly   population. 's government has imprisoned up to 2 million and other  ethnic minorities in, where they are reportedly subject to abuse and torture.

has also been engaged on its own, also largely internally focused, counter-terrorism campaign often termed a war on terror, during the, the , and the. Like 's war on terror, has also been focused on  and  movements that use  to achieve their ends.