History of Egypt

Dynasties: 1st·2nd·3rd·4th·5th·6th·7th·8th·9th·10th·11th·12th·13th·14th·15th·16th·17th·18th·19th·20th·21st·22nd·23rd·24th·25th·26th·27th·28th·29th·30th·31st

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Scholarly consensus on the general outline of the conventional chronology current in Egyptology has not fluctuated much over the last 100 years. For the Old Kingdom, consensus fluctuates by as much as a few centuries, but for the Middle and New Kingdoms, it has been stable to within a few decades. This is illustrated by comparing the chronology as given by two Egyptologists, the first writing in 1906, the second in 2000 (all dates in the table are BC).

The disparities between the two sets of dates result from additional discoveries and refined understanding of the still very incomplete source evidence. For example, Breasted adds a ruler in the Twentieth dynasty that further research showed did not exist. Following, Breasted also believed all the dynasties were sequential, whereas it is now known that several existed at the same time. These revisions have resulted in a lowering of the conventional chronology by up to 400 years at the beginning of.

In addition, there are a number of "alternative chronologies" outside scholarly consensus, such as the "" proposed in the 1990s, which lowers New Kingdom dates by as much as 350 years, or the "" (proposed 1978–1982), which lowers New Kingdom dates by as much as 500 years.

First Dynasty
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Known rulers in the history of Egypt for the First Dynasty are as follows:

Second Dynasty
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For the first five pharaohs, sources are fairly close in agreement:

But the identity of the next two or three rulers is unclear. Surviving sources might be giving the Horus name or the Nebty name and the birth names of these rulers. They may also be entirely different individuals, or could be legendary names. This might never be resolved.

Manetho's list of rulers is at odds with those usually given by Egyptologists:

With the last ruler, the sources return to an agreement:

Manetho states Thinis was the capital, as in the First Dynasty. But the first three kings were buried at Saqqara, suggesting the center of power had moved to Memphis. Beyond this, little can be said about the events during this period as the annual records on the Palermo stone only survive to the end of the reign of Nebra and for parts of Nynetjer's. One important event possibly happened during the reign of Khasekhemwy. Many Egyptologists read his name, Khasekhemwy, as "the Two Powers arise". This might commemorate the union of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Third Dynasty
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The pharaohs of the Third Dynasty ruled for approximately seventy-five years. The order of the kings is based on Wilkinson. The number of years as king, the regnal years, is based on Dodson and Hilton. They have the dynasty lasting only 64 years.

Fourth Dynasty
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Fourth Dynasty timeline

Fifth Dynasty
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Sixth Dynasty
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Seventh Dynasty
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Eighth Dynasty
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Ninth Dynasty
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Tenth Dynasty
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Eleventh Dynasty
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Twelfth Dynasty
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Thirteenth Dynasty
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Fourteenth Dynasty
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Fifteenth Dynasty
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Sixteenth Dynasty
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Seventeenth Dynasty
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Eighteenth Dynasty
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Nineteenth Dynasty
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Twentieth Dynasty
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Twenty-first Dynasty
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Twenty-second Dynasty
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Twenty-third Dynasty
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Twenty-fourth Dynasty
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Twenty-fifth Dynasty
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Twenty-sixth Dynasty
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Twenty-seventh Dynasty
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Twenty-eighth Dynasty
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Twenty-ninth Dynasty
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Thirtieth Dynasty
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Thirty-first Dynasty
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