1860s

The 1860s was the ten-year period from the years to.

The of  led to the breakdown of the, which was already suffering from the abolition of slavery in most of  in the late  and. In the United States, between the  and the  led to massive deaths and the destruction of cities such as ; ; and. was one of the first times America experienced, and advancements in military technology, such as and  s, and the development and initial deployment of early  added to the destruction. After the American Civil War, turmoil continued in the, with the rise of organizations like the  and the issue of granting  to.

Wars

 * occupation of (1863–1867). Replacement of   (1861–1863) at first with  (1863–1864) and then by Emperor  (1864–1867) with the establishment of the . Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872).
 * On 18 October 1860, the first formally ended the.
 * The lasted from 1861 to 1865.
 * The (1864–1870) starts in, with the invasion of  by the  (,  and ). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population.
 * The main phase of the between British colonials and the  population begins with the  in 1860. The most significant campaign is the  in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged.
 * The under , which ended in the division of Schleswig, , between Prussia and the . Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in . The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with . By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in , and had total hegemony over the other German states. The  was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with.
 * The between the  and  lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to.

Internal conflicts

 * fought between the remaining under   and the self-declared  under   (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President . Beginning of the  era under President  (1865–1869).
 * 1863–64 in the.
 * On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year.
 * 1862-1877 in  of China.
 * 1868-1869 in, fought between the  and those seeking to return political power to the

Prominent political events

 * under King . Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870).
 * in by tsar  (1861).
 * in (1866–1869)., 15th and last of the  loses control to the . A series of reforms follows. The  class fails to survive while the s turn to.
 * The of  is created by the  on July 1, 1867.
 * between and, hence creating the  in 1867.
 * The revolution in (1868). Queen  is deposed.

Assassinations and attempts
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:


 * President of the United States is  by, April 14, 1865.
 * King of  is captured by soldiers and strangled to death.
 * , President of is assassinated.
 * Father of Canadian Confederation, is assassinated by.
 * , a prominent figure in the era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the, is assassinated along with  at a Kyoto inn in 1867.

Science and technology

 * The in the USA is completed in 1869.
 * The in  is opened in 1869.
 * The , the first mechanically powered in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction.
 * discovers and proves in  in 1860.
 * The first is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe.
 * invents in Sweden, patenting it in 1867.
 * publishes his that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that  is a form of
 * develops methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing  as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing . As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.
 * formulates, the basis for , in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900.
 * develops the modern
 * was first detected during the total of August 18, 1868, in parts of . It was the first eclipse expedition in which a  was used.
 * and are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's prominences. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.
 * in, England and in.

Establishments

 * The Christian Mission, later renamed The, is co-founded by and  in , England in 1865.
 * The was established in 1865.
 * founds school for nurses in 1860.
 * in, USA opens its doors on May 6, 1869, for the first time under a land grant from the.

Religion

 * In, reaction against and the liberal movement in
 * The becomes officially established in 1863 in,.
 * declares his station as "the One whom God shall make Manifest", in the Garden of, as foretold by the . see this as the beginning date of the.

Literature and arts

 * publishes .
 * publishes .
 * publishes .
 * publishes .
 * publishes .
 * went public.
 * publishes ' and '.
 * publishes the .
 * publishes .
 * publishes "".
 * is discovered, 1863.

Sports

 * The first game is played in 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton 6-4.
 * The sport of is invented around 1862.
 * is formed in the, paving the way for to become the world's predominant spectator sport.
 * The Cincinnati Redstockings became the first openly professional baseball team in 1869. They finished the same season with a perfect 58–0 record, thanks in large part to their Hall of Fame leader Harry Wright.

Fashion

 * The and its culture largely thrived from 1860 until 1901.
 * The culture of the comes to America and remains in place until around the turn of the 20th century, where the year it ends is disputed as to whether it ended with the rise of  in 1896 or with the death of  in 1901.

Miscellaneous trends

 * The start of the of 1860–1900

World leaders

 * President
 * Emperor
 * Emperor
 * Prime Minister Sir
 * Emperor
 * King (Germany)
 * King
 * King of Siam
 * Emperor
 * Queen (Spain)
 * Prime Minister (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 * Prime Minister (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 * Prime Minister (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
 * President (United States)
 * President (United States)
 * President (United States)
 * President
 * President (United States)
 * Sultan
 * Sultan (Ottoman Empire)
 * of
 * (Japan)
 * (Qing China)
 * (Japan)
 * (Qing China)
 * (Qing China)
 * (Qing China)

Politics

 * , Director International Telecommunication Union

Famous and infamous personalities

 * , the
 * ,, lawman.
 * ,, lawman.
 * ,, lawman.