Timeline of Modern history

Undated

 * translated into, , and.
 * disappears.
 * Medallion rug, variant Star style,  (modern ), is made. It is now kept at The.

.
 * :, and  was born.
 * : the beginning and spreading of the 5th largest religion in the world.
 * : navigator  encounters  but is prevented from claiming it by the.
 * : navigator  claims Brazil for Portugal.
 * : The of  defeats the  at the.
 * : returns to his native  to begin work on the statue .
 * : reunified  and ruled over it until . Safavids adopt a  branch of.
 * : First reported in
 * : Foundation of the by, in what is modern
 * : defeats  at the . Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
 * : begins painting the  and completes it three years later.
 * : was born on either December 14, or December 21.
 * : A period of, with in all of Spain.
 * : Death of, became the Queen.
 * : ascended the throne of.
 * : enters  at Erfurt, Germany, on 17 July and begins his journey to instigating the.
 * : King built the first Muslim kingdom in Java, called, in Indonesia. Many other small kingdoms were established in other islands to fight against Portuguese. Each kingdom introduced local language as a way of communication and unity.
 * : completes the .
 * : King wins the battle of Mbanza Kongo, resulting in Catholicism becoming  state religion.
 * : At least two thousand are massacred in a  riot, Portugal.
 * : dies in,.
 * : is invaded by  from the.
 * : The first recorded epidemic of in the  on the island of . It devastates the native  population.
 * : conquered  and, among other bases in the , taking control of the region at the entrance of the.
 * –: paints the.
 * : The marks the beginning of  dominance of the  and the.
 * : The Portuguese king sends  to find, the eastern terminus of Asian trade. After initially receiving Sequeira,  captures and/or kills several of his men and attempts an assault on the four Portuguese ships, which escape. The nese fleet is also destroyed in Malacca.


 * –: The 'great ' in various parts of.
 * : of Portugal conquers, the capital of the  in present-day Malaysia.
 * : writes , and proclaims the sun the center of the solar system.
 * : The southern part (historical core) of the is invaded by.
 * : The first Portuguese exploratory expedition was sent eastward from Malacca (in present-day Malaysia) to search for the '' led by . Serrao is shipwrecked but struggles on to  (northern ) and wins the favour of the local rulers.
 * : writes , a treatise about political philosophy
 * : The Portuguese  lands at, China, during the.
 * : defeats the French at the.
 * : The in which invading  are defeated by 's forces.
 * : Sultan ("The Grim") orders the massacre of  Muslims in  (present-day Turkey).
 * :, in service of Spain arrives at the (which he called Mar del Sur) across the . He was the first European to do so.
 * : The halts 's expansion into.
 * : (peasant revolt) in.
 * : The, the gains decisive victory against.
 * : The wrests Eastern  from the Safavids after the.
 * –: The defeat the s and gain control of, , and the.
 * : The epidemic in.
 * : The begins when  posts his  in.
 * : leaves  and settles in.
 * :, also known as al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, an Andalusian Berber diplomat who is best known for his book  (Description of Africa), is captured by Spanish pirates; he is taken to Rome and presented to.
 * : The begins in, lasting for about one month.
 * : dies of natural causes on May 2.
 * , the Chinese philosopher and governor of province, describes his intent to use the firepower of the fo-lang-ji, a  Portuguese, in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince.
 * : led by  a Turk appointed to ruling position in Algiers by the Ottoman Empire, raid  and  in southern.
 * : Charles I of becomes Emperor of  as  (ruled until 1556).
 * –: Spanish expedition commanded by and  first to
 * –: leads the.


 * –: The reign of marks the zenith of the.
 * : The first European diplomatic mission to, sent by the , arrives at 9 April, and reaches the imperial encampment of Emperor  in  9 October.
 * : The s defeat s at the battle of to found the  dynasty in  in modern-day  and.
 * : The established a  in the village of Lamakera on the eastern side of  (in present-day Indonesia) as a transit harbour between  and.
 * : Sultan of  begins an expansionist campaign capturing Daya on the west  coast (in present-day Indonesia), and the pepper and gold producing lands on the east coast.
 * : (in present-day Serbia) is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
 * : After building fortifications at, the Portuguese attempt to invade China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces.
 * : encountered by . He was later killed in battle in central Philippines in the same year.
 * : ascended the throne of, China.
 * : November, 's expedition reaches (in present-day Indonesia) and after trade with  returns to Europe with a load of.
 * : led invasion of  (in present-day Malaysia) against the Portuguese occupation. Pati Unus was killed in this battle, and was succeeded by his brother, king.
 * : falls to the Ottomans in the days of.
 * : The Portuguese ally themselves with the rulers of (in present-day Indonesia) and begin construction of a fort.
 * : August, signed between  and  granted Portuguese permit to build fortress in
 * :  from the.
 * : The was introduced to Spain by
 * –: in the.
 * – is the first European to explore the  of  between  and.
 * –, the founder of , dies and becomes king.
 * : and  defeat France at the,  is captured.
 * : The Ottomans defeat the at the.
 * :, founded by , rules until.
 * : with  escaping and the Swiss Guards defending the  being killed. The sack of the city of Rome considered the end of the.


 * : begins in.
 * : The last ruler of falls from power. This state (located in present-day Indonesia) was finally extinguished at the hands of the . A large number of courtiers, artisans, priests, and members of the royalty moved east to the island of Bali; however, the power and the seat of government transferred to Demak under the leadership of Pangeran, later.
 * : June 22, The Javanese Prince of the  successfully defeated the Portuguese armed forces at the site of the  Harbor. The city was then renamed, meaning "a glorious victory." This eventful day came to be acknowledged as Jakarta's Founding Anniversary.
 * : The defeat the  at the.
 * : defined the  of  attributing the  to Portugal and  to Spain.
 * :  defeats the n Emperor  in the, the opening clash of the


 * –: The breaks away from the  and recognizes  as the head of the Church.
 * : The is fought between the two brothers,  and.
 * : leads the.
 * : becomes Queen of England.
 * : is born.
 * : claims  for France.
 * : The Ottomans capture.
 * : – Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants.
 * : The, an attempt of radical, , to establish a , ends in bloodshed.
 * : The Portuguese in Ternate depose Sultan Tabariji (or Tabarija) and send him to Portuguese Goa where he converts to Christianity and bequeaths his Portuguese godfather the island of Ambon.
 * : dies in, in England.
 * : In England,  is beheaded for adultery and treason.
 * :  Establishment of the  in Portugal
 * :  Foundation of  (in present-day Argentina) by
 * : establishes  in, north-east of.
 * :  's partial translation of the  into English is published, which would eventually be incorporated into the.
 * : founds.
 * : – fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the.
 * : explores inland North America.


 * founds Suri dynasty in, an ethnic  of the house of , who supplanted the Mughal dynasty as rulers of North  during the reign of the relatively ineffectual second Mughal emperor Humayun. Sher Shah decisively defeats Central Asian invader Humayun in the Battle of Bilgram (May 17, 1540).
 * founds.
 * An n military campaign by  is unsuccessful.
 * is encountered and explored by.
 * and the absorption of the major part of by the.
 * of invades.
 * War resumes between and . This time  is allied with the Emperor, while  and Sultan  are allied with the.
 * Spanish explorer named the island of  and   honoring  and became the official name of the.
 * n/ troops decisively defeat the Adal-Ottoman Muslim army at the ; Imam killed.
 * : publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun


 * The begins after Portuguese traders make contact with.
 * The defeat an – army at the.
 * in . The and Macdonalds of  fight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive.
 * forces sack the capital of
 * The meets for the first time in Trent (in northern Italy).
 * is made chief architect of.
 * works among the peoples of Ambon, Ternate and (Moro) laying the foundations for a permanent mission. (to 1547)
 * dies in the on 28 January at the age of 55.
 * dies in the on 31 March at the age of 52.
 * becomes King of England and Ireland on 28 January and is crowned on 20 February at the age of 9.
 * Emperor decisively dismantles the  at the.
 * is crowned tsar of (All)Russia, thenceforth becoming the.
 * : Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in, and is defeated by.
 * Askia Daoud, who reigned from 1548 to 1583, establishes public libraries in Timbuktu (in present-day Mali).
 * The government of  issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these  laws came during the  wars with ese pirates.
 * establishes in, north-east of.
 * with the support of his teacher, Sunan Kudus, avenged the death of Raden Kikin by sending an envoy named Rangkud to kill Sunan Prawoto by (in present-day Indonesia).


 * 1550: The architect Mimar Sinan builds the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul.
 * : led by  invade  and besiege.
 * –: concerning the human rights of the
 * : Fifth outbreak of in .  of  writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
 * : North African enslave the entire population of the Maltese island, between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to.
 * : Russia conquers the in central Asia.
 * : Jesuit China Mission,
 * : becomes the first queen regnant of England and restores the Church of England under Papal authority.
 * : found a settlement at.
 * :   and  establishes, southeast.
 * : is imprisoned in the  upon the orders of  for suspicion of being involved in the.
 * : The is the first major English  trading company.
 * : Publication in of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of the.
 * : The in China is history's deadliest known earthquake during the.
 * :, the "Father of ", publishes his .
 * : defeats the Sultan of  at the
 * : Russia conquers the.
 * –: During his reign, expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests (in the Indian subcontinent).
 * : captured  with Emperor.
 * :, radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the.
 * : declares bankruptcy.  of   had to declare four  in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596.
 * : The settle in  (on the western side of the Pearl River Delta across from present-day Hong Kong).
 * : The capture, all but isolating  from the rest of the world.
 * becomes Queen Elizabeth I at age 25.
 * –: The is considered the height of the.
 * –: between Poland, Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
 * : After 200 years, the loses  to France.
 * : With the, the conclude.
 * : Sultan Khairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) protests the Portuguese's activities in his lands. Hostilities between  and the Portuguese.


 * : defeats the  fleet at the.
 * : is born in Nyirbator, Hungary.
 * : By winning the, becomes one of the pre-eminent warlords of
 * : declares  the official religion of.
 * : Sir is born in.
 * : The between the Uesugi and Takeda at Hachimanbara takes place.
 * : draws up the  of Protestant faith.
 * : leader  reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful  Hindu caste.
 * –: between  and s.
 * : and  in the.
 * : Portuguese priests build a palm-trunk fortress which  s burned down the following year. The fort was rebuilt from more durable materials and the Dominicans commenced the  of the local population.
 * : outbreak claimed 80,000 people in  . In  alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease.
 * : born on February 15
 * : baptized 26 April
 * : fought between the  kingdom of  and the.
 * : died age of 97.
 * : establishes  in.
 * : The, a Crusading Order, defeat the at the.
 * : establishes in  the first Spanish settlement in the  starting a period of Spanish colonization that would last over three hundred years.
 * : Spanish navigator discovers the maritime route from Asia to the Americas across the, also known as the tornaviaje.
 * , ruler of the, dies on September 7, during the.
 * –: between Spain and the.
 * : Da le Balle Contrade d'Oriente, composed by.
 * : After 45 years' reign, died in the,  ascended the throne of.
 * :, is imprisoned by.
 * : The, under the patronage of the prince , the former , inspired by the teachings of , the founder of the , promulgates the , the first law of  and of conscience in the World.
 * –: in Spain.
 * –: The in Japan.
 * : Hadiwijaya sent his adopted son and son in-law, who would later become the first ruler of the dynasty of Indonesia, to kill Aryo Penangsang.
 * : in England.
 * : published by.
 * : The is created with the  which lasts until.
 * : Peace treaty signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal.
 * : The is created with the  which lasts until.
 * : Peace treaty signed by Sultan Khairun of Ternate and Governor Lopez De Mesquita of Portugal.


 * :, tsar of Russia, orders the massacre of inhabitants of.
 * : issues , a papal bull excommunicating all who obeyed  and calling on all Roman Catholics to rebel against her.
 * : Sultan Hairun of Ternate (in present-day Indonesia) is killed by the Portuguese. The reign of Sultan Baabullah.
 * : completes the  as a united front against the.
 * : The Spanish-led Holy League navy destroys the navy at the.
 * : attack and, burning everything but the.
 * : kill Spanish missionaries in what would later be.
 * : Spanish conquistador establishes, Philippines as the capital of the.
 * : is taken from  by Protestant  in the, in the.
 * : apprehend the last  leader  at, and execute him in.
 * : dies aged 43 and is succeeded by.
 * : instigates the  which takes the lives of Protestant leader  and thousands of s. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside.
 * : First edition of the epic  of, three years after the author returned from the East.
 * : The 9 years old, ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty, known as.
 * : After heavy losses on both sides the ends in a  victory.
 * : in the the capital of,  declares for the Protestants.
 * : After a siege of 4 months the ends in a comprehensive  victory.
 * : finally captures  fortress.
 * : Following a five-year war, the Ternateans under Sultan Baabullah defeated the Portuguese.
 * :, king, died.
 * : by badly paid  soldiers.
 * : Ki Ageng Pemanahan built his palace in Pasargede or Kotagede.
 * : King is killed at the.
 * :The Portuguese establish a fort on but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.
 * : is conferred the title of  by Tumed Mongol ruler, . Recognised as the reincarnation of two previous Lamas, Sonam Gyatso becomes the third Dalai Lama in the lineage.
 * : The unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later.
 * : The unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of the, the  and
 * : The British navigator passes through Maluku and transit in  on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on  but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.
 * : The British navigator passes through Maluku and transit in  on his circumnavigation of the world. The Portuguese establish a fort on  but the main centre for Portuguese activities in Maluku becomes Ambon.


 * : 's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions influences to build up the . English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded.
 * : Spain unifies with Portugal under . The ends the . The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are  for 60 years, i.e. until 1640.
 * –: under  control
 * : is  by his general,.
 * : issues the . The last day of the Julian calendar was Thursday, 4 October 1582 and this was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar, Friday, 15 October 1582
 * : conquers the  on behalf of the.
 * : Denmark builds the world's first theme park,.
 * : Death of Sultan Baabullah of.
 * –: After the, many of its merchants flee to . According to Luc-Normand Tellier, "At its peak, between 1510 and 1557, concentrated about 40% of the world trade...It is estimated that the port of Antwerp was earning the Spanish crown seven times more revenues than the ."
 * : Death of.
 * : died. Sultan Pajang raised Sutawijaya, son of Ki Ageng Pemanahan as the new ruler in, titled "Loring Ngabehi Market" (because of his home in the north of the market).
 * : Colony at founded in North America
 * –: The is fought on both sides of the Atlantic.
 * : is executed by.
 * – The reign of marks the zenith of the.
 * : troops that would invade Pajang Sultanate of Mataram storm ravaged the eruption of Mount Merapi. Sutawijaya and his men survived.
 * : Mataram into the kingdom with Sutawijaya as Sultan, titled "Senapati Ingalaga Sayidin Panatagama" means the warlord and cleric Manager Religious Life.
 * : England repulses the.
 * : Spain repulses the.
 * : dies aged 69.


 * :  the  surrendered to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Japan was unified (1590).
 * : leads a huge Tatar expedition against.
 * : In, forces of the Sultan  led by Judar Pasha defeat the  at the.
 * –: reports 10,675  deaths in, a city of approximately 200,000 people.
 * –: Korea, with the help of China, repels.
 * –: The between the  and the.
 * : First Dutch expedition to Indonesia sets sail for the East Indies with two hundred and forty-nine men and sixty-four cannons led by.
 * : Birth of.
 * : June, de Houtman's expedition reaches the main pepper port of West Java where they clash with both the Portuguese and Indonesians. It then sails east along the north coast of  losing twelve crew to a Javanese attack at  and killing a local ruler in.
 * 1597 – Romeo and Juliet published
 * : de Houtman's expedition returns to the Netherlands with enough spices to make a considerable profit.
 * : The ends the.
 * : moved  capital from  to  in 1598.
 * –: Russia descends into anarchy during the.
 * : The Portuguese require an armada of 90 ships to put down a Solorese uprising. (to 1599)
 * : More Dutch fleets leave for Indonesia and most are profitable.
 * : Death of.
 * : The is defeated at the
 * : The van Neck expedition returns to Europe. The expedition makes a 400 per cent profit. (to 1600)
 * : March, Leaving Europe the previous year, a of eight ships under  was the first Dutch fleet to reach the ‘Spice Islands’ of Maluku.
 * : is burned at the stake for  in.
 * : in . End of the  and beginning of the.
 * : The Portuguese win a major naval battle in the bay of Ambon. Later in the year, the Dutch join forces with the local Hituese in an anti-Portuguese alliance, in return for which the Dutch would have the sole right to purchase spices from Hitu.
 * : grants a charter to the  beginning the English advance in Asia.
 * : grants a charter to the  beginning the English advance in Asia.


 * : On February 17 is burned at the stake by the.
 * : unifies the three n countries:,  and  after the  from 1599.
 * :, England defeats Irish and Spanish forces at the town of Kinsale, driving the Gaelic aristocracy out of Ireland and destroying the Gaelic clan system.
 * : (first unifier of Romania), voivode of,  and , is assassinated by the order of the Habsburg general  at.
 * –: The kills perhaps one-third of Russia.
 * :, first king of , dies and passes rule to his son Panembahan
 * : is given permission to live in Beijing.
 * : produces the  (??????, Kunyú Wànguó Quántú), a world map that will be used throughout East Asia for centuries.
 * : The Portuguese send a major (and last) expeditionary force from Malacca which succeeded in reimposing a degree of Portuguese control.
 * : The (VOC) is established by merging competing  trading companies. Its success contributes to the.
 * : June, British East India Company's first voyage, commanded by, arrives in and sails on to  where he is allowed to build trading post which becomes the centre of British trade in Indonesia until 1682.
 * : Two emissaries from the visit the.
 * : dies and is succeeded by her cousin King, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.
 * : takes the title of , establishing the . This begins the, which will last until 1868.
 * –: After modernizing his army, expands the  Empire by capturing territory from the  and the.
 * : First permanent Dutch trading post is established in, . First successful VOC privateering raid on a Portuguese ship.
 * : A second English East India Company voyage commanded by reaches Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda. Fierce VOC hostility is encountered in Banda thus beginning Anglo-Dutch competition for access to spices
 * : passes the title of  to his son,, and "retires" to.
 * : failed in England.
 * : The fortresses of and  are retaken by the.
 * : February, The VOC in alliance with Hitu prepare to attack a Portuguese fort in Ambon but the Portuguese surrender.
 * : Panembahan of Mataram establishes control over, former center of the.
 * : The King of, a kingdom in , converts to Islam
 * : The between the  and  is ended with the —Austria abandons.
 * : ends anti-Habsburg uprising in.
 * : Assassination of of.
 * : : becomes Tzar of Russia.
 * : The enters into an alliance with the  to attack Portuguese, but they are repelled.
 * : Captain and his crew aboard the  ship  becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in.
 * : A fleet occupies  and  in.
 * :, is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.
 * : (the fleeing of most of the native  ) occurs from  in the west of  in Ireland.
 * : becomes the Sultan of  (r. 1607–1637). He will launch a series of naval conquests that will transform Aceh into a great power in the western.
 * : founded by  in  (present-day Canada).
 * : The establishes a settlement in Siamese.
 * : The and  agree to a  in the.
 * : establishes the.
 * : The establishes a factory in, Japan. VOC traders also make forays into  and , Borneo.


 * :, , establishes the settlement of.
 * : The army defeats combined Russian- Swedish forces at the  and conquers Moscow.
 * : The VOC appoints as its first Governor-General to enable firmer control of their affairs in Asia. Previously all business had (in theory) required the approval of the Heeren XVII, a group of seventeen shareholders in Amsterdam.
 * : Ottoman Grand Vizier is able to crush the major remnants of the, bringing an end to general anarchy in.
 * : dies in Beijing.
 * : Panembahan of  in Central Java attacks, a major power on the north coast.
 * : is assassinated by.
 * : The Pontifical and Royal, the oldest existing university in Asia, established by the in Manila
 * : The English establish trading posts at (southwest ),,  and  in , and Aceh,  and  in  threatening Dutch ambitions for a monopoly on East Indies trade.
 * : The Kingdom of ends its major push to convert the  and  in  to Islam.
 * : The Dutch establish a post at (later 'Batavia' and then 'Jakarta').
 * : A Dutch trader is killed in and the  sacks the city.
 * : The first publication of the.
 * : Sultan of  captures the North Sumatran port of.
 * : The in Russia ends with the establishment of the, which rules until 1917.
 * –: is invaded by the  dozens of times.
 * : The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their fort, but won't stay for long.
 * : The makes its first forays into.
 * : Sultan of  captures the North Sumatran port of, subjugating the . This allows Aceh to focus its expansionary efforts on the . Iskandar Muda continues on to sack  and kidnap its Sultan's family, but is later forced to retreat back to Aceh.
 * : The is forced to evacuate  because of the  siege of neighboring . The VOC enters into negotiations with Mataram and is allowed to set up a trading post in.
 * : Panembahan of  dies and is succeeded by his.
 * : publishes  Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio, the first table of logarithms.
 * : Sultan of  sinks a Portuguese fleet off of.
 * : The (last major threat to ) ends.
 * : A attack on Portuguese  is repelled.
 * : The Portuguese stop hiring Japanese mercenaries after a brawl in.
 * : Panembahan of  conquers the  (the heartland of the old  Empire).
 * : The is in open hostilities with the Kingdom of,.
 * : The last remaining s (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in Spain are expelled.
 * : Death of retired shogun.
 * : English poet and playwright dies.
 * : Sultan of  conquers  on the.
 * : Panembahan of  puts down a major revolt in.
 * : The precipitates the, which devastates Europe in the years 1618–48.
 * :, Prince of joins Protestant Rebels.
 * : The s start invading China. Their eventually topples the.
 * : Dispute leads to the execution of Dutchmen in -controlled.
 * : is defeated outside.
 * : appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. While  and  had been the major VOC trading centers to this point, Coen is convinced that Dutch need a more central location near the.
 * :, , and all fighting over port city of . VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by  and a fleet of nineteen ships out of Ambon. Coen had burned  and its EIC post along the way. The VOC levels the old city of  and builds its new headquarters, , on top of it.
 * : appointed Governor-General of the VOC who would show he had no scruples about using brute force to establish the VOC on a firm footing. While  and  had been the major VOC trading centers to this point, Coen is convinced that Dutch need a more central location near the.
 * :, , and all fighting over port city of . VOC forces storm the city and withstand a months-long siege by the combined English, Bantenese, and Jayakartan forces. They are relieved by  and a fleet of nineteen ships out of Ambon. Coen had burned  and its EIC post along the way. The VOC levels the old city of  and builds its new headquarters, , on top of it.


 * : defeats the Bohemian rebels in the.
 * : The  arrive in the  at.
 * –: over.
 * : allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of  takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at  on the River.
 * : Almost the entire native population of was deported, driven away, starved to death or killed in an attempt to replace them with Dutch colonial slave labour.
 * : Diplomatic agreements in Europe commence a three-year period of cooperation between the Dutch and the English over the spice trade.
 * : The : Poles and under  defeat the Ottomans.
 * : ; The island of was captured by an Anglo-Persian force from Portuguese.
 * : Deposition and regicide of Ottoman sultan.
 * : : natives kill 347 English settlers outside  (one-third of the colony's population) and burn the  settlement.
 * : Maffeo is elected  at the.
 * : In a notorious but disputed incident, known as the '', ten English and ten Japanese traders are arrested, tried and beheaded for conspiracy against the Dutch Government. The English quietly withdraw from most of their Indonesian activities (except trading in Bantam) and focus on other Asian interests.
 * –: As chief minister, centralises power in.
 * : The invades the Portuguese colony of  in.
 * : founded by the  in North America.
 * : of  , a merchant city and Mataram's strongest rival in east Java.
 * : in the Vatican completed.
 * : lays siege to Protestant, which eventually capitulates.
 * : go extinct.
 * —: of  launched a failed campaign to.
 * :, the king, died.
 * : allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the  to counter  expansion.
 * : of  launched a failed attempt to take.


 * : Birth of at  fort
 * : The invades the Portuguese colony of  and founds.
 * :, death of king of.
 * : building work started in.
 * : arrives in Rome for his trial before the.
 * –: Japan transforms into.
 * : results in Catholic victory.
 * : Emperor expels the Catholic Patriarch  and several  missionaries from Ethiopia.
 * : Emperor founds the city of, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.
 * : is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
 * : The Portuguese are expelled again from their Solor fort by the Dutch following a reoccupation.
 * : of Japanese Christians,  and peasants against Edo.
 * : publishes "Discours de la Méthode" ("") in French.
 * : The first opera house,, opens in Venice.
 * : Naval –  fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.
 * : Disagreements between the and   escalate into the  and last until 1649.
 * –:, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and.
 * : Disagreements between the and   escalate into the  and last until 1649.
 * –:, civil wars throughout Scotland, Ireland, and.


 * : was compelled to summon  due to the revolt of the Scots.
 * –: The led to the end of the.
 * : is outlawed in England.
 * : The.
 * : publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia.
 * swept power in, he established the theocratic state in Tibet after series battles against regional Kingdoms.
 * : Dutch explorer achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand.
 * : Beginning of, conflict will end in 1649 with the execution of , abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of the supremacy of Parliament over the king.
 * : is crowned King of France. He reigned over the  until his death in 1715, making his reign the longest of any monarch in history at 72 years and 110 days.
 * : Giovanni Battista is elected  at the.
 * : The conquer China ending the . The subsequent  rules until 1912.
 * –: The.
 * : An alliance with Scotland enables Parliamentarian forces to win the
 * 1645-1647: East Anglian Witch Hunt; catalysed by
 * : The death of, legendary Japanese Samurai warrior, of natural causes.
 * –: Ottoman war with . The Ottomans invade and capture.
 * : of Mataram dies – and is buried at his graveyard at
 * : Defeated, King Charles I flees and surrenders to the Scottish. The First Civil War has ended in a victory for Parliament.
 * : Seven-year-old becomes.
 * –: The.
 * : The ends the  and the  and marks the ends of  and the  as major European powers.
 * –: civil war in.
 * –: The – a Cossack rebellion in  which turned into a Ukrainian war of liberation from.
 * –: wars leave  in ruins.
 * –: The capture  from the  after the.
 * : is executed for, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a  and put to death.
 * –: The.
 * : is executed for, the first and only English king to be subjected to legal proceedings in a  and put to death.
 * –: The.


 * : challenges the theory of  by demonstrating that s come from eggs of.
 * : ends with the Parliamentarian victory at the.
 * : founded by the  in South Africa.
 * : Oliver Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament and replaces it with the Nominated Assembly (also called the Assembly of Saints or Barebones Parliament.) After three months, the Nominated Assembly passes a motion to dissolve itself and Cromwell establishes the Protectorate.
 * –: is.
 * : The English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, took over the last Spanish fort in Jamaica.
 * –: The cement  rise as a.
 * : After his father completes the, his son  deposes him as ruler of the.
 * Cromwell dies and his son Richard becomes Lord Protector.
 * Richard Cromwell is pressured into dissolving the Protectorate; the Rump Parliament is restored.


 * : The ends and the monarchy is brought back during the.
 * : founded.
 * : dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
 * : The reign of the of China begins.
 * :, ruler of France, dies.
 * : captures Taiwan from the Dutch and founds the, which rules until 1683.
 * :, who later reintroduced into popular use in Europe, is born.
 * : against.
 * : France takes full political and military over its colonial possessions in.
 * : discovers cells using a microscope.
 * : The : count defeats the Ottomans. The  – intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
 * : British troops capture and rename it New York.
 * : 's forestry book, , is published in England.
 * : The.
 * : defeats the  at the.
 * –: The fought between  and the.
 * : The 10th guru,  is born in.
 * : The.
 * : The during the.
 * –: The ; France invades the Netherlands. The (1668) brings this to a halt.
 * –: The halts the 's expansion into Europe.
 * : As a result of the between Dutch and England, the Dutch secured a worldwide monopoly on  by forcing England to give up their claim on, the most remote of the . While the Dutch did not press their claims on.
 * : Peace between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
 * : The Ottomans capture.
 * : Peace between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
 * : The Ottomans capture.


 * : The was founded in  (Modern-day Canada)
 * : The city of is founded in present-day.
 * –: Ottoman campaign to help the . defeats the Ottomans at the second.
 * : in the Netherlands – Combined attack by France, England and two German states on the.
 * : Lynching of and his brother  in  –  takes power.
 * : is the first to observe microbes with a homemade microscope, using samples he collected from his teeth scrapings, raindrops, and his own feces. He calls them "animalcules."
 * : The ends the war between England and the.
 * : founded in India by.
 * : The brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
 * : becomes.
 * –: Russia and the commence the.
 * : The ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.
 * : becomes.
 * –: Russia and the commence the.
 * : The ends various interconnected wars among France, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark, the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, and the Holy Roman Empire.


 * : The drives the Spanish out of  until 1692.
 * :, John Miles
 * : The Pasha of supports 's rebellion in Hungary.
 * : Sultan, advised by , decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with , due to expire in 1684.
 * : becomes joint ruler of Russia (sole  in 1696).
 * : explores the length of the  and claims  for.
 * : conquers the  and annexes.
 * : The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the second.
 * -: The leads to the conquest of most of  by the Habsburgs.
 * : outlaws Protestantism in France. King Charles II dies.
 * : publishes .
 * : The.
 * : ousted French influence and virtually severed all ties with the West until the 19th century.
 * –: The starts with the  invading England, England becomes a.
 * –: in Ireland.
 * –: The sought to stop French expansion during the.
 * : and  ascend to the throne over England, Scotland, and Ireland.
 * : publishes his first.
 * : The established a border between Russia and China.
 * : The is fought between  and  forces in Highland.
 * : The is crushed in present-day, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.
 * : The is crushed in present-day, Skopje is retaken by the Ottoman Turks. Karposh is killed, and the rebels are defeated.


 * : The in Ireland.
 * : in.
 * : Port Royal in Jamaica is destroyed by an earthquake and, estimated 2000 die, 2300 are injured.
 * –: in France kills 2 million.
 * : is founded in, by a royal charter.
 * : The is established.
 * : dies.
 * : The nearly bans the  in response to pirate 's capture of the .
 * –: in  wipes out almost one-third of the population.
 * : The earliest known first-class match takes place in.
 * : The 10th guru,, establishes the.
 * : The ends the.
 * : demonstrates his first  to the.
 * : With the decline of the, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.
 * : With the decline of the, textiles are now the most important trade item in the Dutch East Indies.


 * –: between the  and s.
 * : declared under King.
 * 1701: is formed under.
 * 1701–: The is fought, involving most of continental.
 * 1701–:  and The Norwich Post become the first daily newspapers in England.
 * 1702: attack  and then commit  in Japan.
 * 1702–: in France.
 * : is founded by ; it is the Russian  until.
 * 1703–: The against the.
 * : End of Japan's period.
 * 1704:.
 * : 's first opera, , premieres.
 * : : French troops defeated at the battles of and.
 * 1706: The first English-language edition of the  is published.
 * : The is passed, merging the Scottish and English Parliaments, thus establishing the.
 * 1707: After 's death, the enters a long decline and the  slowly replaces it.
 * 1707: erupts in Japan for the first time since 1700.
 * 1707: between the Marathas and Mughals ends in India.
 * : and English Company Trading to the East Indies merge to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies.
 * 1708–: Famine kills one-third of 's population.
 * 1709: The marks the coldest winter in 500 years.
 * 1709: founded in Afghanistan.
 * 1709: flees to the Ottoman Empire after  defeats his army at the.


 * : The world's first, 's , takes effect.
 * –: fights Russia in the.
 * –: between British, Dutch, and German settlers and the  of.
 * : : The French defeat a combined Dutch-Austrian force at the.
 * : The first shipment of from Java reaches.
 * : The ends the.
 * –: establishes the rival  government in  against.
 * : Accession of, Elector of Hanover, to the throne of Great Britain.
 * : The breaks out; the British halt the Jacobite advance at the ;.
 * : dies, leaving France greatly enlarged but deep in debt;  takes power under.
 * :   and  incompatible.
 * : Establishment of the along the present-day India- border.
 * : The Netherlands, Britain and France sign the.
 * : rebels against the.
 * : The city of is founded by the French in North America.
 * : (Edward Teach) is killed by  in a North Carolina inlet on the inner side of.
 * –: of the Ottoman Empire.
 * : The Spanish attempt to restart the fails.


 * : The.
 * : Spanish military embarks on the, traveling north from Mexico into the.
 * –: The.
 * : becomes the first.
 * : The is signed, ending the.
 * :  Christian missionaries because of Pope Clement XI's decree.
 * : the.
 * : conquer much of Iran, overthrowing the.
 * : Kangxi Emperor of China dies.
 * : is killed in a sea battle off the African coast.
 * –: Controversy over 's halfpence leads to the  and begins the Irish economic independence from England movement.
 * : is abolished in Russia;  converts household  into house.
 * –: The "Great Disaster", an invasion of territories by the.
 * : The is signed, partitioning  between the  and Russia.
 * : The nomads take complete control of  and set up the first of many  to come.
 * : The enormous Chinese encyclopedia  of over 100 million written in over 800,000 pages is printed in 60 different copies using -based Chinese.
 * : ousted from Iran by ;  restored to the throne.
 * –: and  begin  in England.
 * –: and  begin  in England.
 * –: and  begin  in England.


 * : takes over Ottoman Empire after the  revolt, ending the.
 * –: The takes place in Great Britain and North America.
 * –: raids into Russia.
 * –: The of China oversees a huge expansion in territory.
 * :  dies, one of many victims of  in.
 * : assumes the title of  of  and founds the ; he rules until his death in.
 * : Chinese court painters recreate 's classic, .
 * –: across the ; half the population of  dies.
 * : issues , prohibiting Catholics from becoming.
 * :, famous Irish harper, dies.
 * : defeats the  at the  and sacks.
 * : Great Britain and Spain fight the in the Caribbean.
 * :, famous Irish harper, dies.
 * : defeats the  at the  and sacks.
 * : Great Britain and Spain fight the in the Caribbean.


 * : comes to power in.
 * : The British attempt to capture but lose to the Spanish during the.
 * –: kills ten percent of the population.
 * : 9 October, a massacre of Batavia's ethnic Chinese begins after they are suspected by the VOC of planning a rebellion; approximately 10,000 are killed and the Chinese quarter is burned.
 * : Russians begin settling the.
 * : issues Immensa Pastorum principis against slavery.
 * : The rebellion of.
 * :, the first water-powered , begins operation in England.
 * : The capital of the  fell under the Geger Pecinan uprising — Raden Mas Garendi (Sunan Kuning) led Chinese mercenaries in revolt against Pakubuwono II.
 * : The is founded by.
 * : The French attempt to restart the fails.
 * –: The is fought between the British, the French, the, and  in India.
 * : is begun by  in Scotland.
 * : 17 February, establishes a new  in Sala village, along with.
 * : founds the  in modern-day.
 * : The ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
 * –: The is fought between the British, the French, the, and  in India.
 * : The ends the War of the Austrian Succession and First Carnatic War.
 * –: The is fought between the British, the French, the, and  in India.


 * : Peak of the.
 * : The Treaty of Pondicherry ends the Second Carnatic War and recognizes as.
 * : is founded by a royal charter of.
 * –: The, the North American chapter of the , is fought in colonial North America, mostly by the French and their allies against the English and their allies.
 * : The occurs.
 * –: The forces transfer of the French Acadian population from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
 * : 13 February, the Treaty of Giyanti is signed, effectively partitioning the ; the VOC recognizes Mangkubumi as Sultan Hamengkubuwana I, who rules half of Central Java; Hamengkubuwana I then establishes, moves to Yogya and renames the city.
 * : Demand-Supply,
 * –: The is fought among European powers in various theaters around the world.
 * –: The is fought between the British, the French, the, and  in India.
 * : The signals the beginning of formal  rule in India after years of commercial activity under the auspices of the.
 * : 17 March, Salatiga treaty between with  and  further partitions the remnant of Mataram Sultanate; the  Grand Duchy is established.
 * : British colonel issues.
 * : : French commander and British commander  die during the.


 * : becomes King of Britain.
 * : is founded in Iran.
 * : Maratha Empire defeated at.
 * –: Reign of of Russia.
 * : The ends the Seven Years' War and Third Carnatic War.
 * : conquers the.
 * : The is introduced into the  by the British Parliament.
 * : becomes king of Denmark. He was  to.
 * : conquer the.
 * : s conquer.
 * : Spanish establish the first of 21  in.
 * –: explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
 * –: The kills one-third of the  population.
 * : French expeditions capture plants in, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772)
 * : Spanish establish the first of 21  in.
 * –: explores and maps New Zealand and Australia.
 * –: The kills one-third of the  population.
 * : French expeditions capture plants in, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772)
 * : French expeditions capture plants in, ending the VOC monopoly of the plant. (to 1772)


 * : claims the East Coast of Australia  for Great Britain.
 * : 5 March, the
 * –: kills hundreds of thousands.
 * : stops at Onrust Island in the Bay of Batavia for repairs to his ship  on his voyage around the world.
 * : The in Moscow.
 * : and his partners build the world's first water-powered mill at Cromford.
 * : Reformer executed in Denmark.
 * : stages a coup d'état, becoming almost an absolute monarch.
 * –: Maratha Empire fights Britain and 's forces during the.
 * –: The end the  and erase Poland from the map for 123 years.
 * –:, the largest peasant revolt in Russian history.
 * : East India Company starts operations in to smuggle.
 * : 16 December, the
 * : and  s are used to measure  by  on his.
 * : founded by.
 * : The is adopted by the  in.
 * : publishes .
 * : is established in.
 * : becomes the first European to land on the.
 * : 24 April, the is established by a group of Dutch intellectuals; this institution is a pioneer of scientific efforts in Indonesia and the founder of the.
 * : Captain is killed by  at, following an attempted kidnapping and ransoming of ,  in return for a stolen boat.
 * –: between British and  settlers and the  in the.
 * : Captain is killed by  at, following an attempted kidnapping and ransoming of ,  in return for a stolen boat.
 * –: between British and  settlers and the  in the.


 * : Outbreak of the against Spanish colonization led by  in.
 * : The city of Los Angeles is founded by settlers.
 * –: is abolished in the  (first step; second step in ).
 * : in, caused by the eruption of the  volcano.
 * : annexes the.
 * : The formally ends the.
 * –: Imam, a warrior and Muslim mystic, leads a coalition of Muslim  from throughout the  in a  against Russian settlers and military bases in the Caucasus, as well as against local traditionalists, who followed the traditional customs and common law (Adat) rather than the theocratic Sharia.
 * –: The is fought between the United States and.
 * : The is written in  and submitted to the states for ratification.
 * : Freed slaves from London establish in present-day.
 * : instituted in Japan by.
 * : First French community established in.
 * : First permanent European settlement established in Australia by Britain at Sydney.
 * : becomes the 9th state to ratify the, and by the terms of Article VII it takes effect.
 * –:, conspiracy against the colonial authorities in.
 * : is elected the first ; he serves until.
 * : Great Britain and Spain dispute the during the.
 * : is elected the first ; he serves until.
 * : Great Britain and Spain dispute the during the.
 * : Great Britain and Spain dispute the during the.


 * : The.
 * : The.


 * : The is proclaimed following the.
 * : Suppression of the and re-establishment of.
 * : Establishment of the.
 * : The Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) creates the two provinces of and  in.
 * : Suppression of the by  forces and re-establishment of the.
 * –: explores the world during the.
 * –: The.
 * : Surprise Symphony,
 * –: The lead into the, which last from –.
 * : The is founded.
 * : King is assassinated by a conspiracy of noblemen.
 * : March, Hamengkubuwana I dies.
 * : Former King and his wife  are . Louis is executed in January, Marie Antoinette in October.
 * : The largest in American history kills as many as 5,000 people in, roughly 10% of the population.
 * –: against the French Republic at the time of the.
 * –: The, which were a series of incidents between settlers and and the  clans of the  in ,.
 * : is concluded between Great Britain and the United States, by which the Western outposts in the  are returned to the U.S. and commerce between the two countries is regulated.
 * : founded in Iran after replacing the Zand dynasty.
 * : razes  to the ground.
 * : Establishment of the French-backed in present-day Netherlands.
 * : between the United States and Spain grants the  to the U.S.
 * : The is officially adopted as the French.
 * : of the Island of  defeats the ans at the.
 * : administers the first ;  killed an estimated 400,000 Europeans each year during the 18th century, including five reigning s.
 * : : The marks 's first victory as an army commander.
 * : The British eject the Dutch from.
 * :, backed by the , is the first European to set eyes on the in Africa.
 * –: The against the  in China.
 * : becomes British
 * : 's invasion and partition of the ends over 1,000 years of independence for the Serene Republic.
 * : The fails to overthrow British rule in Ireland.
 * –: The is fought between the United States and France.
 * : stages a  and becomes  of France.
 * : is dissolved.
 * : The assassination of the 14th, Tuku?aho, plunges into half a century of civil war.
 * : is killed in a battle with British forces.
 * : stages a  and becomes  of France.
 * : is dissolved.
 * : The assassination of the 14th, Tuku?aho, plunges into half a century of civil war.
 * : is killed in a battle with British forces.


 * The bankrupt (VOC) is formally dissolved and the nationalised  are established.


 * : discovers the  . – Italy
 * : elected  by the, following a tie in the  – United States
 * : The and the  merge to form the.
 * : crowned as King of.
 * : Napoleon signs the with the Pope.
 * : falls to the British.
 * : Assassination of.
 * : British defeat French at the Second
 * –: the and the  between the United States and the  of
 * : between France and the United Kingdom ends the.
 * : performs his  for the first time.
 * : demonstrates his , the "first practical steamboat".
 * : The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the . This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its which involves  from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans.
 * : The s of the capture  and.
 * : War breaks out between Britain and France; this is considered by some to be the beginning of the.
 * : First phase of . (to 1825)
 * : gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic.
 * : founded by.
 * : crowns himself Emperor of the French.
 * : reaches 1 billion.
 * : First begins operation.
 * : first isolated.
 * –: in.
 * –: erupts against the  rule.  of Serbia recognized in 1817.
 * : The eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the  later in the century.
 * : decisively defeats an Austrian-Russian army at the.
 * –: modernizes.
 * : dissolved as a consequence of the.
 * : becomes part of the.
 * : Britain declares the Slave Trade illegal.
 * : and  are individually isolated by.
 * : performs his
 * –: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the.
 * –: s fight in the.
 * : the  (1808–1811) begin the construction of.
 * : strips the  of their last holdings in.
 * : the  (1808–1811) begin the construction of.
 * : strips the  of their last holdings in.


 * : The was founded. Among its students and faculty are, , and . The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see ).
 * : The begins the.
 * : The gets valves.
 * –: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the and s after the.
 * –: between the  and.
 * : The is a turning point in the.
 * : British Prime Minister.
 * –1815: between the United States and Britain; ends in a draw, except that Native Americans lose power
 * : publishes 
 * : Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to.
 * : invents the.
 * –16: between  (Gurkha Empire) and.
 * –16: between  (Gurkha Empire) and.


 * : The redraws the European map. Reaction and conservatism dominate all of Europe.  The  attempts to preserve this settlement, but the forces of liberalism and nationalism make for dramatic changes. It marks the beginning of a  which lasts until 1914.
 * : Napoleon escapes exile and begins the before finally being defeated at the  and exiled to . His defeat brings a conclusion to the
 * : April, in  island erupts, becoming the largest  in, destroying , and killing at least 71,000 people, including its aftermath. The eruption created  anomalies known as "".
 * : publishes  in December.
 * : : Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely influenced by the 1815 explosion of.
 * : Independence of.
 * –: 's becomes the largest in.
 * : becomes  from the . Officially independent in 1867.
 * : First begins in Florida.
 * : Russia commences its.
 * : dies following childbirth.
 * : publishes .
 * : writes his.
 * : massacre in England.
 * : The modern city of is established by the.
 * : paints his masterpiece , and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the.
 * : paints his masterpiece , and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the.


 * : ends in the United Kingdom.
 * : in Southern Europe
 * : Discovery of.
 * : founded by the  for freed American slaves.
 * : Dissolution of the.
 * –: At least 5000 Mexicans die in raids, and 100 settlements are destroyed.
 * : dies in exile on the island of.
 * : gains independence from Spain with the.
 * : declares its independence from Spain.
 * –: becomes the first country to break away from the  after the.
 * –:, as Mexico's first post-independent government, ruled by Emperor.
 * : of  proclaimed the  on 7 September. On 1 December, he was crowned as Emperor.
 * –: The British Empire annexed (now also called Myanmar) after three.
 * : declared by US President.
 * : Premiere of 's .
 * : is established in Birmingham.
 * : opened connecting the  to the.
 * : First isolation of.
 * : Independence of.
 * : The, the first public railway in the world, is opened.
 * : The.
 * : The, the first public railway in the world, is opened.
 * : The.


 * –: The results in the independence of.
 * : . (to 1830)
 * : patents the.
 * –: After the final, the took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war.
 * : ; the end of in the
 * : Death of ,
 * –: in  leads to the near extinction of the
 * : 's  premieres.
 * : First built.
 * : founds the, the first modern police force.
 * : following the


 * : The is established on 6 April 1830.
 * : Anglo-Russian rivalry over Afghanistan,, commences and concludes in 1895.
 * : in.
 * : The in the  led to the creation of Belgium.
 * : dissolved and the nations of  (including modern-day Panama),, and  took its place.
 * : in  against.
 * : End of the . The whole area of Yogyakarta and Surakarta Manca nagara Dutch seized. 27 September, Klaten Agreement determines a fixed boundary between Surakarta and Yogyakarta and permanently divide the kingdom of Mataram was signed by Sasradiningrat, Pepatih Dalem Surakarta, and Danurejo, Pepatih Dalem Yogyakarta. Mataram is a de facto and de yure controlled by the Dutch East Indies.
 * :, the First is murdered at.
 * : The is ratified and  is crowned as first "King of the Belgians".
 * : against Ottoman rule occurs.
 * –: 's journey aboard HMS Beagle.
 * : November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the.
 * : Second phase of Padri War. (to 1838)
 * : The British Parliament passes the.
 * : bans slavery throughout the.
 * –: in.
 * : The is formed.
 * : officially ends.
 * : Britain amends the Poor Law demanding that any paupers requesting assistance must go to a.
 * –: 's rebellion in Russian-occupied.
 * –: The in Mexico resulted in the short-lived.
 * : ends with defeat for Texan separatists.
 * : leads to the capture of.
 * : popularizes the  and sets up a firearms company to manufacture his invention of the  revolver a six bullets firearm shot one by one without reloading manually.
 * –: begins between Chile and the, ending with Chilean victory.
 * : patented.
 * : publishes .
 * : Death of.
 * –: in.
 * –: 's reign is considered the apex of the and is referred to as the.
 * : By this time, 46,000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the.
 * –: Civil war in the led to the foundings of, , , , and.
 * : declared.
 * –: After the and s, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gain many  from China resulting in the start of the decline of the.
 * –: s lead to stalemate and the establishment of the
 * –: After the and s, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gain many  from China resulting in the start of the decline of the.
 * –: s lead to stalemate and the establishment of the
 * –: s lead to stalemate and the establishment of the


 * : is founded, as the  is signed by the  and British.
 * : and  are merged into the Province of Canada.
 * : The word "" is coined by
 * : cedes  to the British.
 * : used for the first time.
 * : The first sets out from Missouri.
 * : Short stories ' and ' published.
 * : Persian Prophet the announces his revelation on 23 May, founding m. He announced to the world of the coming of "". He is considered the forerunner of, the founder of the.
 * : First publicly funded line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on 24 May, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23)
 * : movement awaits the  of  on 22 October. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the.
 * : The  is rendered extinct.
 * : from.
 * : coins the term "" in regards to the public's frenzied reaction to the pianist.
 * : Unification of the Kingdom of under  (King George Tupou I).
 * : passes through Parliament.
 * –: The.
 * –: The leads to the.
 * –: The leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day.
 * –: migration to.
 * : The publish ', ' and .
 * : proposes  as a way to stop the spread of diseases.
 * –: The.
 * :  published.
 * : in Europe.
 * : is the first  convention in the United States and leads to the.
 * :, and  found the.
 * : The first boatloads of gold prospectors arrive in, giving them the nickname.
 * : 's becomes the first to abolish.
 * : The and the  are invented.
 * : Earliest recorded, as Austria launches from land and from the ship some 200 s against.
 * : 's becomes the first to abolish.
 * : The and the  are invented.
 * : Earliest recorded, as Austria launches from land and from the ship some 200 s against.


 * : The ends around this time.
 * : is appointed  after the death of.
 * –: is the bloodiest conflict of the century, leading to the deaths of 20 million people.
 * : The in London was the world's first international Expo or.
 * : assumes power in France in a coup.
 * –: The ends and the  has the hegemony over South America.
 * –: in Australia
 * : publishes.
 * : delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in.
 * : (1814–1884) wrote first novel published by an African American,
 * : is a  and  by American  as told to and edited by.
 * :   threatens the Japanese capital  with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade.
 * –: between France, the United Kingdom, the  and Russia
 * : and the.
 * : The formally ends Japan's policy of.
 * : : The steamship collides with the  and sinks off the coast of Newfoundland.
 * –: ; city falls to French and British forces.
 * : enables  to be mass-produced.
 * : publishes the first edition of .
 * : is isolated by.
 * : of  established by.
 * : World's first in
 * : first identified. Age still unknown.
 * : Sir designs the first long-range.
 * –: . The British Empire assumes control of India from the.
 * –: lasts for 90 years.
 * : Invention of the, the first true device for.
 * : Construction of is completed.
 * : publishes .
 * –: is constructed.


 * : launches the.
 * : started.
 * –: between the  and seceding.
 * : Russia.
 * –: and the creation of the, ruled by  and his consort.
 * : Death of.
 * : publishes , formulating the four.
 * : ended.
 * : publishes .
 * : French gain first foothold in.
 * –: in north-west China.
 * : United States President issues the . Lincoln issued a preliminary  on September 22, 1862, warning that in all states still in rebellion  on January 1, 1863, he would declare their slaves "then, thenceforward, and forever free." The  to the Constitution, ratified in 1865, officially abolished slavery in the entire country.
 * : declares his station as "". This date is celebrated in the  as The Festival of.
 * : Formation of the is followed by the adoption of the  in 1864.
 * : First section of the opens.
 * : annexes.
 * : exhibits his painting , sparking public outrage.
 * : Gordon, or "Whipped Peter", was an enslaved African American who escaped from a Louisiana plantation in March 1863
 * –: against the.
 * : .(21 May 1864)
 * –: The was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies.
 * –: The ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population.
 * : June, The first was laid between  and Tanggung,  by the.
 * –: in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the.
 * -9 April 1865: surrenders the  (26,765 troops) to  at, effectively ending the.
 * -14 April 1865: United States President by actor and  sympathiser,  while attending a performance at , . He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on 15 April 1865.
 * :  formulates his.
 * :  publishes.
 * : Successful follows an earlier attempt in 1858.
 * : results in the dissolution of the  and the creation of the  and the.
 * –: After the, Japan embarks on a program of rapid.
 * : The United States from.
 * : formed.
 * : invents.
 * : The passes a  which defines its independence from the . International recognition followed in 1878.
 * : The : diplomatic confrontation between France and Prussia on the status of and the towns fortifications are torn down.
 * : The for  are published.
 * : The is approved by the U.S. Congress, one of the early blows which would eventually lead to the death of the common law doctrine of perpetual allegiance
 * : The is approved.
 * : man first identified.
 * : is the last person to be publicly hanged in England.
 * –: between  and.
 * : The Batavian Museum (today ) was officially opened by Dutch East Indies government.
 * : publishes .
 * : completed in United States on 10 May. – United States
 * : created the.
 * : The opens linking the  to the.
 * : created the.
 * : The opens linking the  to the.


 * : 's invention the becomes the first commercially sold.
 * –: The results in the , the collapse of the  and the emergence of a.
 * : Official dismantling of the and beginning of a '' of deregulated exploitation of the Netherlands East Indies.
 * –: in  and.
 * –: In, attacks the privileges of the Catholic Church in the  ("Culture War")
 * –: in  is believed to have caused the death of 2 million.
 * : opens in London.
 * : The briefly rules the French capital.
 * : The in Japan.
 * : meets Dr.  near.
 * :, the first , is created.
 * : The first recognised international match, between  and, is played.
 * : The starts the "".
 * : Maxwell's  published.
 * : The class is abolished in.
 * : and  are invented.
 * : The beginning of the bloody for Dutch occupation of the province.
 * : The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known as the s, organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer.
 * : The Home Rule Movement is established in.
 * : The is dissolved.
 * –: in Spain.
 * :  surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the
 * –: 26 million Indians perish in India due to.
 * : 's opera premiers in Paris.
 * : instigate the  against  rule.
 * : 's  is first performed in its entirety.
 * : becomes.
 * : leads to the death of  and victory for the alliance of,  and
 * –: 13 million Chinese die of in northern China.
 * –: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the.
 * : in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide.
 * : surrenders and is later killed
 * : discovers the
 * : invents the
 * : On, (who later becomes Billy the Kid) kills a blacksmith named Francis Cahill who becomes his first murder victim.
 * : The first match, between  and, is played.
 * –: Following the, the recognizes formal independence of the ,  and .  becomes autonomous.
 * : First commercial in.
 * : in South Africa. – South Africa
 * : tests his first.
 * –: against Spanish rule in  leads to rebel defeat.
 * –: battles with  and  over Andean territory in the.
 * –: is engulfed in a political crisis, dubbed the, over the role of religion in state education.
 * : 21 April, was born in, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia.
 * : 21 April, was born in, today the date is commemorated as women's emancipation day in Indonesia.


 * –: the.
 * : Tsar is assassinated.
 * : Wave of begins in the Russian Empire.
 * : . surrenders.
 * : First electrical and  in, Britain.
 * : President.
 * –: The are passed in  establishing free, secular education.
 * –: The in.
 * : The and subsequent occupation of
 * : volcano explosion, one of the largest in modern history.
 * : The is rendered extinct.
 * : 's  is published.
 * : gains control of.
 * : publishes .
 * : invents the first self-powered.
 * –: The signals the start of the European "". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in.
 * –: The led to the formation of.
 * : creates the first successful  against rabies for a young boy who had been bitten 14 times by a rabid dog.
 * : establishes the  as a personal fiefdom.
 * : Britain establishes a protectorate over (modern ).
 * : begins production of the ''. which would become the most popular model of.
 * : : miners rioted, killing at least 28.
 * : "" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
 * : is presented to  as a birthday gift.
 * : sells the first commercial.
 * : Construction of the ; is developed.
 * : The British Empire takes over.
 * : publishes his first  story, .
 * : records the , the earliest surviving.
 * : murders occur in,.
 * : Founding of the shipping line  (KPM) that supported the unification and development of the colonial economy.
 * : The : and  are found dead in an apparent murder-suicide.
 * : is inaugurated in.
 * : establishes the, a reform sect of Islam.
 * : End of the and the beginning of the.
 * : paints .
 * : patented.
 * : opens in Paris.
 * : patented.
 * : opens in Paris.


 * : The in  was the last battle in the American . This event represents the end of the.
 * : annexes.
 * : First use of the as a method of execution.
 * : Independence of.
 * : Death of.
 * : The is invented.
 * :, founder of the movement, claims to be Promised Messiah and.
 * : is founded in Illinois.
 * :  launches the , the first major catholic document on social justice
 * : is invented.
 * : The was held in  celebrating the 400th anniversary of 's arrival in the.
 * : is officially adopted for the first time.
 * : 's  premières in.
 * : develops and constructs the first gasoline/petrol-powered.
 * : US forces overthrow the government of.
 * : The is formed.
 * : becomes the first country to enact.
 * : The is passed in, creating legal equality for  and s.
 * : First commercial release by.
 * : First.
 * : invents the.
 * : and the  form a military alliance.
 * –: After the, China cedes to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea.
 * –: in.
 * : The Dutch looted and destroyed the Cakranegara palace of . J. L. A. Brandes, a Dutch philologist discovered and secured  manuscript in Lombok royal library.
 * : is ceded to the  as a result of the.
 * : is invented.
 * : Trial of and premiere of his play .
 * : French troops capture in.
 * : identifies.
 * –: defeats Italy in the.
 * –: results in Cuban independence from.
 * : revived in.
 * : ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule.
 * : Ethiopia defeated Italy at the.
 * : in Canada.
 * :  discovers ;  identifies the, though not by name.
 * :, or , proclaims the short-lived : lasts until 1910.
 * : loots and burns.
 * :  writes.
 * : The United States gains control of, , and the after the.
 * :  of  engineers a coup d'état, marking the end of the ; the  is arrested.
 * : publishes 
 * : is assassinated by.
 * –: The in China is suppressed by an.
 * –: The in  breaks out between the "" and "", culminating with the loss of  in 1903.
 * :  becomes chief of staff of Aceh campaign.  becomes queen of the Netherlands.
 * –: begins.
 * –: begins.
 * –: kills over 1 million people.
 * –: begins.
 * –: kills over 1 million people.


 * becomes an official U.S..
 * in kills 8000 people.
 * publishes.
 * King is assassinated.
 * held in Paris, prominently featuring the growing art trend.
 * at the same time and ransacked.