1830s

The 1830s decade ran from January 1, 1830, to December 31, 1839. In this decade, the world saw a rapid rise of and, particularly in  and. Britain saw a surge of power and world dominance, as took to the throne in 1837. Conquests took place all over the world, particularly around the expansion of and the. New outposts and settlements flourished in Oceania, as Europeans began to settle over and.

Pacific

 * , – The first  newspaper is published in.
 * – The become a  of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted and maintain, another one.

China
China was ruled by the of the  during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China, despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade. A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests. In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to, leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium. The British retaliated, seizing on  of that year, starting what would be known as the. It would end three years later with the signing of the in 1842.

Japan

 * July –  sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the, he is turned away from ese ports with cannon fire.

Southeastern Asia

 * – The ends.
 * – H.R.H. Prince of  founds the  Buddhist reform movement.

Dutch East Indies
The was fought from 1803 until 1837 in  between the Padris and the Adats. The latter asked for the help of the, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837 after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader, the conflict died out.

Vietnam

 * – The Emperor renames  to Đại Nam.

Australia and New Zealand

 * The various Maori chieftains of region of   as the United Tribes of New Zealand, under the guidance of James Bubsby. The British Crown immediately recognizes their claim.
 * , – The  allows for the creation of a colony there.
 * , – The n city of  is founded by  and.
 * , –  founded at  with the.
 * , – A force of 500  invade and enslave the peoples of the.
 * , –, , is founded.
 * , – The  of  is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of  as ).
 * , – Colony of  founded by Captain
 * , – 28  are killed in the.
 * – Five s from the in  become the first women of religion to set foot on n soil.

Southern Asia

 * December – :  and  set out from  in support of 's claim to the throne of.

India
The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("" starting in 1833): (1828–1835),  (1835–1836), and  (1836–1842). The was enacted to remove the 's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the Company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the Company.

The by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, was chosen to replace Persian.

In 1835, captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the  secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of . During these operations, more than 1400 were hanged or.

Western Asia

 * – 's French-trained forces occupy.
 * , – The, aided by s, seize  from the  after a 7-month.
 * , – : The ians defeat the main  army in central.
 * , – Rebuilding begins at the  in.
 * , – The  captures.
 * , –,  – : British forces capture the fortress city of ,.

Poland

 * , – The  begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.
 * , – :  rebel forces divide a n army.
 * , – : The  fight another indecisive battle.
 * –, – : The  take the  capital and crush resistance.

Royalty
In 1830, succeeded his brother  as King of the. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece acceded to the throne. where she would reign for more than 63 years. Under, the passed to William's brother, , ending the  of Britain and Hanover which had persisted since. took up residence in, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than , her London home.

Politics and law
Britain had four during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform. The Whigs selected to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the, the  (abolishing slavery throughout the ), and the  (limiting ).

In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the  in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a. 's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The established  and registration systems that permit marriages in  chapels, and a  of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.

There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the. has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to in 1832. In 1834, organized the, an early attempt to form a national. In May, the was drawn up in the , demanding. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.

In 1835, were  outside  in London after a conviction of, the last deadly victims of the judicial  of  in England.

Germany

 * , – Germany:, a demonstration for  and national unity, ends with no result.
 * , –, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on.
 * , – :  charges are abolished at borders within.
 * , –, a  minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the  Home and Hospital at , , as an institute to train women in.
 * The 5th century BC is acquired for the  in Germany.

Austria

 * , –  becomes Emperor of.

Switzerland

 * October – Start of the : more liberal constitutions adopted in most.
 * , – In, troops of the  march on rebels in , but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz.
 * , – The  is partitioned by the  , to create the two  of  and.

Belgium

 * , – The  begins.
 * , – The  ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
 * , – The Provisional Government in   the creation of the independent state of, in revolt against the.
 * , – The independence of  is recognized by the s.
 * , –  is inaugurated as first king of the.
 * , – The   in  is halted by a  army.
 * , – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining  enforcement, the, is under  attack.
 * , – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the  losing the city.
 * – Half of the province of  is added to the  (since 1839 there is a  and ).
 * , – The  establishes  as a.

French Revolution of 1830
The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the, Second French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French. It saw the overthrow of King, the French monarch, and the ascent of his cousin  (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the, shifting power to the (rule by the ). briefly served as, with many successors over the course of the decade.

Canut revolts
The first two occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the. The word was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.

The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize, France. The government sent Marshal, a veteran of the , at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.

Other events

 * –, – : , anti- riots, chiefly by students, in.
 * – The word for their language changes to français, from françois.

Ottoman Empire (Balkans)

 * , – The  against the  breaks out.
 * April – Sultan of the  dies.
 * , –  (1839–) succeeds  (–1839) as.
 * – The, backed by the and the , compels  France to abandon , and it forces him to return  and  to the.
 * – starts in the.

Greece

 * , –  is liberated from the  forces as the final result of the.
 * , –  grants citizenship to s.
 * , – The  creates an independent  of ., is chosen . Thus begins the.
 * , –  is recognized as a sovereign nation; the  ends the  in July.
 * – Greece recaptures the.
 * , –  independence:   is sentenced to death for  for resisting the rule of  (he is released next year).
 * – becomes 's capital city.

Italian Peninsula

 * , –  becomes King of the.
 * February–March – Revolts in,  and the  are put down by n troops.
 * , –  becomes king of  after the death of King.
 * – A pro- uprising fails in ; one of the activists is.
 * , – In the, a railway between  and  (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King  of  (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).

Spain

 * , – Three-year-old  becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, . Her uncle  challenges her claim, beginning the.
 * , – The, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
 * September – : Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen  of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the  – The.
 * , – Supporters of, are victorious in the  during the.
 * , – The   ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.

Portugal

 * , –,  – : The forces of Queen  win decisively.
 * , – The  end in.
 * , – Queen  marries, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.
 * , – Queen  marries.

Africa

 * refugees fleeing the civil wars found the city of  in south-west.
 * , – :   marches into  and defeats and kills the warlord.
 * – returns from study in  to.
 * , – The  is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and  in ; -speaking settlers colonize the area north of.
 * , –  is  in.
 * –, – The French army   in.
 * , – The  win a decisive victory over the  in the.

French conquest of Algeria
In 1830, invaded and quickly seized , and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under at, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in  and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).

Canada

 * , – Canada: The  in eastern  is opened.
 * , –, , is incorporated as.
 * November–December – In,  leads the  and  leads the.
 * May – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the  to Britain.

Slavery

 * , –  begins publishing , an antislavery newspaper, in,.
 * , – :  breaks out in.
 * , –  publishes 's anti-slavery letter in .
 * , – American  and newspaper editor  is killed by a pro- mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.
 * , – Slaves aboard the  rebel and capture the ship off the coast of .  Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the .  The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in.

Settlement

 * , – The  Legislative Council grants a city charter for.
 * , – U.S.  revived (with ).
 * , – The city of  is established at the  of the  by 350 settlers.
 * , – U.S. Survey of the  transferred to the.
 * , – United States Survey of the Coast returned to ; renamed.
 * , – The Territory of  is created.
 * , –  is the 25th state admitted into the United States.
 * , –  becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.

Native Americans

 * , – The  passes the.
 * , – The  begins.
 * , –  post created within the.
 * , –  ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.
 * – starts to live among the  in the.
 * – The federal government establishes a program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).
 * , –  organized in the United States.
 * , – : The  breaks out.
 * , – The  is signed between the United States Government and members of the.
 * – is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the.
 * , – : Among those captured by  is nine-year-old ; she later gives birth to a son named, who becomes the last  of the.
 * – ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the.
 * , – s attack  in.
 * , – : The people of the  are forcibly relocated during the.

Presidents

 * , – :  is re-elected president.
 * , –  is sworn in for his second term as.
 * , – In, , the first public physical attack on an , with  struck by a disgruntled Robert B. Randolph, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges.
 * , –  is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).
 * , – An  is attempted against   in the  (the first assassination attempt against a ).
 * , – Future U.S. President  becomes
 * , –  holds its first national convention, in.
 * , – :  defeats.
 * , –  succeeds  as.

Supreme Court

 * –, –  of  debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with  of  in the.
 * , – Craig vs. Missouri: The  rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.

Other

 * , –, the last surviving signer of the  dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.
 * , – The  is officially named by.
 * –, – : A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near.
 * , – The  contracts to $0 for the only time in history
 * – publishes his Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834.
 * , – The  begins in.
 * , – The  occurs in, , fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.
 * – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in.

Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution)

 * , –, – : Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General ,  soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of  for  protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-tit" skirmish.
 * , – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of  from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
 * , – A  is first signed at.
 * , –  arrives in.
 * , – The  begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel  and volunteers under Colonel, hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under.
 * , – : Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in, to deliberate and vote on independence from.
 * – : The is signed by 60 delegates and the  is declared. Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".


 * , – The  ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.
 * , – : Delegates adopt the, modeled after the .  It allows slavery, requires s to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.
 * , – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the  along with Texian Colonel  by Mexican troops in  near the  during the.
 * , – :  forces under  are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the . (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)
 * , – Forces under Texian General  capture    who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.

Republic of Texas

 * , – The government of  imprisons  in.
 * , – The city of, is founded.
 * , –  is elected as the first  of the.
 * , – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the.
 * , – The city of, is incorporated by the.

Mexico
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the  by approving a new centralist constitution (""). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including, which declared independence in the of 1836. During the, other provinces separated. The in 1840, and the  declared independence in 1841.


 * , – The   is formed by decree of.
 * , –  recognizes the independence of.
 * May – An insurrection breaks out in, beginning the campaign for the independence of  from.
 * November 1838 – The (also known as the First  intervention in ) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of  in Veracruz by French forces sent by . The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
 * March 1839 – The ends with a British-brokered peace.

Nicaragua

 * , –  declares independence from the  (see ).

Costa Rica

 * , –  is sworn in as.
 * , –  is sworn in as, thus beginning his second term in office.

Puerto Rico

 * , – The settlement of, is elevated to the royal status of  by the government of.

Honduras

 * , – The  begins with ' separation from the.

Brazil

 * , –  abdicates as  of  in favor of his 5-year-old son, who will reign for almost 59 years.
 * , – Slave trading is forbidden in.
 * – In the, the Additional Act provides:
 * Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly
 * Extinction of the State Council
 * Replacement of the Regency Trina
 * Introduction of a direct and secret ballot.

Riograndense Republic

 * , –  begins in,.
 * , –  is proclaimed in.

Uruguay

 * , –  adopts its first.
 * – Civil war erupts in between supporters of  and  parties.

Argentina

 * – becomes  of.

Falkland Islands

 * , –   in the.

Peru

 * , – :  defeats the, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.

Ecuador

 * , –  separates from.
 * , –  annexes the.

Chile

 * , – The  is promulgated.

Astronomy

 * , a group of galaxies, is discovered.
 * , –  discovers the open cluster of stars now known as, observing from the.
 * , –, during an  of the , observes the phenomenon named after him as.
 * – makes the first accurate measurement of distance to a.
 * – The first measurement of the distance to  is published by.

Mechanical Engineering

 * , –  is granted a  (#7454) for a  in ; it chains stitches at 200/minute.
 * , –  is granted a patent for the invention of the.
 * , –  receives a United States  for the , the first revolving barrel multishot firearm.
 * , –  receives a  for the.

Photography

 * 1832 – invented an early  device, the "", which gives the illusion of a moving image.  This invention was an important.
 * August –  exposes the world's first known  at  in England.
 * develops the.
 * , – First photo of the  taken by photographer
 * , – The  announces the   process.
 * , –  receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs).
 * , – The French government gives  a pension and gives the  "for the whole world".

Electricity
Many key discoveries about electricity were made in the 1830s. was discovered independently by and  in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to publish the results of his experiments. Electromagnetic induction is the production of a (voltage) across a  when it is exposed to a varying. This discovery was essential to the invention of s, s, and many types of,  and s.

In 1834, 's published his research regarding the quantitative relationships in electrochemical reactions, now known as. Also in 1834,  discovered the, which is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors. In 1836, invented a primary cell in which  was eliminated in the generation of the electricity.

Telegraph

 * , –  and  obtain permission to build an  in.
 * May –  patents the.
 * , – The world's first commercial electric  line comes into operation alongside the  line, from  to.

Computers

 * , –  is introduced to  by.
 * – begins the conceptual design of an "", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.

Chemistry

 * – The dawn of : The first, , is discovered by.
 * , – The earliest United States  for a   is granted to Alonzo Dwight Phillips of.

Biology

 * , –  embarks on his  aboard HMS Beagle.
 * , – HMS Beagle anchors off the  on the voyage of – with.
 * , –  arrives at the  aboard HMS Beagle.
 * , – HMS Beagle with  reaches.
 * , –  climbs Green Hill on.
 * , –  returns to  aboard HMS Beagle with biological data he will later use to develop his, having left  on.
 * – s are discovered by.

Archaeology

 * – found near  on.
 * – acquired by the  at  from.
 * – An archaeological excavation on begins.

Sociology

 * , –  presents his Essay on moral statistics of France, to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical.

Rail

 * , – The, the world's first intercity passenger  operated solely by s.
 * – The is chartered in.
 * construction begins in earnest in the United States.
 * , – : a railway is opened between  and, the first in.
 * , – The  opens between  and, with a train hauled by Der Adler ("The Eagle"), the.
 * , – The  is chartered in.
 * , –  opens its first section, the first railway in,.
 * , – The first numbered  (after filing 9,957 unnumbered patents) is granted, to  for improvements to railroad  tires.
 * , – The  opens between  and, the first steam-worked passenger railroad in.
 * , – Construction begins on the  in . Due to a lack of support in, the route is revised to run from  to the  in.

Flight

 * , – Francois Arban, early French balloonist makes his 1st ascent.

Automobile

 * –, the inventor of the first American electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first s.

Steamships

 * , – The  ship  sets out from, on a 25-day passage of the  largely under steam to ,.
 * –, – The   makes the  to  from , , in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.
 * –, – 's paddle steamer  (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from , , in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.

Economics

 * A period of economic in America and, mainly due to increasing , the mass production of , and the.
 * Dutch-speaking farmers known as emigrate northwards from the.
 * The destruction of the 17th bank of the United States occurred in 1836

Literature

 * publishes his first novel ' followed by ' and 
 * , –  is first published by.
 * – Publication of the first guidebook, Voyage du Rhin de Mayence à Cologne, in.
 * – Publication begins (posthumously) of 's Vom Kriege ("").
 * , –  moves to   in London.
 * , – In the U.S., the  prints the first of six installments of the.
 * , –  publishes his first book of fairy tales.
 * March – First monthly part of '  ("The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ..., edited by Boz") published in London.
 * – The first printed literature in is produced by, an American.
 * February – 's  begins publication in serial form in.
 * , – The  first records the use of "OK".

Theatre

 * , – 's play El Trovador is performed for the first time in,.

Music

 * , – 's most famous work, , has its world premiere in Paris.
 * completes his first opera, (The Fairies).
 * , – 's first opera, , opens in.

Sports

 * invented in.

Fashion

 * Innovations in introduced new dress fabrics.
 * Broad, exaggerated sleeves for women and padded shoulders for men contrasted a narrow, idealized waist.
 * s come back into style.
 * Low boots with insets appear.
 * Greatcoats, overcoats with wide sleeves, become fashionable for men to wear with day wear.

Religion

 * , – The  is published in,.
 * , –  and 5 others organize the  (later renamed the ), the first formally organized church of the, in northwestern.
 * , –  succeeds  as the 254th.
 * , – American  minister  preaches his first sermon on the Second Advent of Christ in Dresden, New York, launching the Advent Movement in the United States.
 * , – In, a group of men beat,   founder.
 * , – Missouri Governor  declares Mormons to be enemies of the state and encourages the extermination or the exile of the religious minority, forcing nearly 10,000 Mormons out of the state.
 * – : proposes the.

Disasters, natural events, and notable mishaps

 * , –  experiences an earthquake at . His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the  region.
 * –, – : A spectacular occurrence of the  is observed in.
 * , – A major 8.7  strikes.
 * , – The  is destroyed by fire.
 * , –, is destroyed by an.
 * , –  reaches, its closest approach to the sun.
 * –, – The  destroys 530 buildings, including the.
 * , – The  burns in
 * , – : An  at  in, England, kills eight of fifteen people buried when a row of cottages is engulfed in snow.
 * , – In, the Lehman Theater catches fire, killing 800 people.
 * , – A fire destroys  and the  in.
 * , –  and her father rescue thirteen survivors from the  off the.
 * , – In the Great Fire of, hundreds of buildings are burned.
 * , – A disastrous  slams  with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot, wiping out the port city of ; 300,000 people die.
 * , – In the Great Fire of, hundreds of buildings are burned.
 * , – A disastrous  slams  with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot, wiping out the port city of ; 300,000 people die.

Cholera
Historians believe that the had lingered in Indonesia and the Philippines in 1830. The second cholera pandemic spread from India to Russia and then to the rest of Europe claiming hundreds of thousands of lives. It reached in August 1830, and by 1831, the epidemic had infiltrated Russia's main cities and towns.

Russian soldiers brought the disease to Poland during the. "" occurred in Russia, caused by the anti-cholera measures undertaken by the government.

The epidemic reached western Europe later in 1831. In London, the disease claimed 6,536 victims; in Paris, 20,000 died (out of a population of 650,000), with about 100,000 deaths in all of France. In 1832 the epidemic reached, , and , Canada; and and  in the United States. It reached the Pacific coast of North America between 1832 and 1834.

Establishments

 * , –  (now the ) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college in.
 * , – The General Assembly's Institution, now the, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the , is founded by  and , in ,.
 * – established in .  it will be the world's oldest independent.
 * , – The  is founded.
 * , –  is deeded to.
 * , –  founded.
 * – Founding of in
 * – Founding of in
 * – Founding of in
 * – Founding of in  (as "The Athenaeum")
 * –  newspaper is first published.
 * , –  is founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.
 * September –, Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.
 * , –  fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.
 * , –, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.
 * , –  on the  officially opens.
 * – Foundation of in
 * – Foundation of ,
 * – Foundation of in
 * , – Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.
 * , –  fraternity is founded at.
 * – Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to become in.
 * , – The  is established.
 * , –  in, , opens.
 * , – Organisation of the universal, initially in the U.K.
 * , –  is founded by the Vincentian order in,.
 * , –  founded by J.S. Staedtler in, Germany.
 * – The is founded as the world's first national.
 * – The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the, is founded in.
 * – The first n-language school opens in the.
 * – creates, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns ).
 * – The brokerage group is founded in.
 * , – In, The  (ICY) is founded as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States.
 * , – The city of Chicago is incorporated.
 * – At, France, Father , CSC, founds the by joining the Brothers of St. Joseph and the Auxiliary Priests of Le Mans.
 * , – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts.
 * – is established in.
 * , – ' is founded (renamed  ' in ).
 * , – The  is established, becoming the first public university west of the.
 * , –  is founded in,.
 * , –, the third public high school in the United States, is established in ,.
 * , – The first  is held.
 * , – The  fraternity is founded in.
 * , – The  is founded in Lexington,.
 * , – In, , the  is founded.
 * – in Alexandria, Virginia, is founded.
 * – The is founded in.