Law

Python 3.6.5 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Mar 29 2018, 13:32:41) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)] Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

IPython 6.4.0 -- An enhanced Interactive Python.

runfile('C:/Users/EM3RY_000/Anaconda3/My.Python.Programs/Internet/Strip.refs.py', wdir='C:/Users/EM3RY_000/Anaconda3/My.Python.Programs/Internet')

The contemporary legal systems of the world are generally based on one of four basic :, , , or combinations of these. However, the legal system of each country is shaped by its unique history and so incorporates individual variations. The science that studies Law at the level of legal systems is called.

Both civil (also known as Roman) and common law systems can be considered the most widespread in the world: civil law because it is the most widespread by landmass, and common law because it is employed by the greatest number of people.

Civil law
The source of law that is recognized as authoritative is in a constitution or  passed by, to amend a code. While the concept of codification dates back to the in  ca. 1790 BC, civil law systems derive from the  and, more particularly, the  issued by the Emperor  ca. AD 529. This was an extensive reform of the law in the, bringing it together into codified documents. Civil law was also partly influenced by s such as and. Civil law today, in theory, is interpreted rather than developed or made by judges. Only enactments (rather than legal s, as in common law) are considered legally binding.

Common law
Common law and (legal concept) are systems of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. In addition, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes. The relationships between statutes and judicial decisions can be complex. In some jurisdictions, such statutes may overrule judicial decisions or codify the topic covered by several contradictory or ambiguous decisions. In some jurisdictions, judicial decisions may decide whether the jurisdiction's constitution allowed a particular statute or statutory provision to be made or what meaning is contained within the statutory provisions. Statutes were allowed to be made by the government. Common law developed in England, influenced by law and to a much lesser extent by the, which introduced legal concepts from , which, in turn, had its origins in. Common law was later inherited by the, and almost every former colony of the has adopted it ( being an exception). The doctrine of stare decisis, also known as case law or  by courts, is the major difference to codified civil law systems.

Common law is currently in practice in, most of the ( and ), , , ,  (excluding ), , ,  (excluding ), , the  (on a state level excluding ), and many other places. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For example, Nigeria operates largely on a common law system, but incorporates religious law.

In the, the takes an approach mixing civil law (based on the treaties) with an attachment to the importance of case law. One of the most fundamental documents to shape common law is the English, which placed limits on the power of the English Kings. It served as a kind of medieval bill of rights for the aristocracy and the judiciary who developed the law.

Narrowing of differences between common law and civil law
The contrast between civil law and common law legal systems has become increasingly blurred, with the growing importance of (similar to  but not binding) in civil law countries, and the growing importance of statute law and codes in common law countries.

Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include (since 1812, U.S. federal courts and most but not all of the states have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice),  (the  in the early 1960s) and procedure (the  in the 1930s and the  in the 1970s). But note that in each case, the statute sets the general principles, but the process determines the scope and application of the statute.

An example of convergence from the other direction is shown in the 1982 decision Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Gavardo SpA v Ministry of Health, in which the held that questions it has already answered need not be resubmitted. This showed how a historically distinctly common law principle is used by a court composed of judges (at that time) of essentially civil law jurisdiction.

Jurisprudence
Jurisprudence or legal theory is the theoretical study of. Scholars of jurisprudence seek to explain the nature of law in its most general form and provide a deeper understanding of, , , and the role of law in society.