Abundance of the elements

Universe

Ten most common elements in the Milky Way Galaxy estimated spectroscopically

Z	Element	Mass fraction (ppm)
1	Hydrogen	739,000
2	Helium	240,000
8	Oxygen	10,400
6	Carbon	4,600
10	Neon	1,340
26	Iron	1,090
7	Nitrogen	960
14	Silicon	650
12	Magnesium	580
16	Sulfur	440

Sun and solar system

• S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
• Y1 — Solar system: Kaye & Laby
• Y2 — Solar system: Ahrens, with uncertainty s (%)

Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.

	S1	Y1	Y2
01 H hydrogen	28000.0002.8×104	28000.0002.8×104*	27900.0002.79×104
02 He helium	02700.0002.7×103	02700.0002.7×103*	02720.0002.72×103
03 Li lithium	0.00000044.0×10−7	0.0000575.7×10−5	0.00005715.71×10−5 (9.2%)
04 Be beryllium	0.00000044.0×10−7	0.00000077.0×10−7	0.000000737.30×10−7 (9.5%)
05 B boron	0.0000111.1×10−5	0.0000212.1×10−5	0.00002122.12×10−5 (10%)
06 C carbon	00010.0001.0×101	00010.0001.0×101*	00010.1001.01×101
07 N nitrogen	00003.10003.1×100	00003.10003.1×100*	00003.13003.13×100
08 O oxygen	00024.0002.4×101	00024.0002.4×101*	00023.8002.38×101 (10%)
09 F fluorine	0.001about 1.0×10−3	0.000858.5×10−4	0.0008438.43×10−4 (15%)
10 Ne neon	00003.0003.0×100	00003.0003.0×100*	00003.4403.44×100 (14%)
11 Na sodium	0.0606.0×10−2	0.0575.7×10−2	0.05745.74×10−2 (7.1%)
12 Mg magnesium	00001.0001.0×100	00001.1001.1×100	00001.0741.074×100 (3.8%)
13 Al aluminium	0.0838.3×10−2	0.0858.5×10−2	0.08498.49×10−2 (3.6%)
14 Si silicon	00001.0001.0×100	00001.0001.0×100	00001.0001.0×100 (4.4%)
15 P phosphorus	0.0088.0×10−3	0.0101.0×10−2	0.01041.04×10−2 (10%)
16 S sulfur	0.454.5×10−1	0.525.2×10−1	0.5155.15×10−1 (13%)
17 Cl chlorine	0.009about 9.0×10−3	0.00525.2×10−3	0.005245.24×10−3 (15%)
18 Ar argon	0.1001.0×10−1*	0.1001.0×10−1*	0.1011.01×10−1 (6%)
19 K potassium	0.00373.7×10−3	0.00383.8×10−3	0.003773.77×10−3 (7.7%)
20 Ca calcium	0.0646.4×10−2	0.0616.1×10−2	0.06116.11×10−2 (7.1%)
21 Sc scandium	0.0000353.5×10−5	0.0000343.4×10−5	0.00003423.42×10−5 (8.6%)
22 Ti titanium	0.00272.7×10−3	0.00242.4×10−3	0.00242.40×10−3 (5.0%)
23 V vanadium	0.000282.8×10−4	0.000292.9×10−4	0.0002932.93×10−4 (5.1%)
24 Cr chromium	0.0131.3×10−2	0.0131.3×10−2	0.01351.35×10−2 (7.6%)
25 Mn manganese	0.00696.9×10−3	0.00959.5×10−3	0.009559.55×10−3 (9.6%)
26 Fe iron	0.9009.0×10−1	0.9009.0×10−1	0.9009.00×10−1 (2.7%)
27 Co cobalt	0.00232.3×10−3	0.00232.3×10−3	0.002252.25×10−3 (6.6%)
28 Ni nickel	0.055.0×10−2	0.055.0×10−2	0.04934.93×10−2 (5.1%)
29 Cu copper	0.000454.5×10−4	0.000525.2×10−4	0.0005225.22×10−4 (11%)
30 Zn zinc	0.00111.1×10−3	0.00131.3×10−3	0.001261.26×10−3 (4.4%)
31 Ga gallium	0.0000212.1×10−5	0.0000383.8×10−5	0.00003783.78×10−5 (6.9%)
32 Ge germanium	0.0000727.2×10−5	0.000121.2×10−4	0.0001191.19×10−4 (9.6%)
33 As arsenic	0.000	0.00000666.6×10−6	0.000006566.56×10−6 (12%)
34 Se selenium	0.000	0.0000636.3×10−5	0.00006216.21×10−5 (6.4%)
35 Br bromine	0.000	0.0000121.2×10−5	0.00001181.18×10−5 (19%)
36 Kr krypton	0.000	0.0000484.8×10−5	0.0000454.50×10−5 (18%)
37 Rb rubidium	0.0000111.1×10−5	0.0000077.0×10−6	0.000007097.09×10−6 (6.6%)
38 Sr strontium	0.0000222.2×10−5	0.0000242.4×10−5	0.00002352.35×10−5 (8.1%)
39 Y yttrium	0.00000494.9×10−6	0.00000464.6×10−6	0.000004644.64×10−6 (6.0%)
40 Zr zirconium	0.00001121.12×10−5	0.00001141.14×10−5	0.00001141.14×10−5 (6.4%)
41 Nb niobium	0.00000077.0×10−7	0.00000077.0×10−7	0.0000006986.98×10−7 (1.4%)
42 Mo molybdenum	0.00000232.3×10−6	0.00000262.6×10−6	0.000002552.55×10−6 (5.5%)
43 Tc technetium	0.000	0.000	0.000
44 Ru ruthenium	0.00000191.9×10−6	0.00000191.9×10−6	0.000001861.86×10−6 (5.4%)
45 Rh rhodium	0.00000044.0×10−7	0.000000343.4×10−7	0.0000003443.44×10−7 (8%)
46 Pd palladium	0.00000141.4×10−6	0.00000141.4×10−6	0.000001391.39×10−6 (6.6%)
47 Ag silver	0.0000002about 2.0×10−7	0.000000494.9×10−7	0.0000004864.86×10−7 (2.9%)
48 Cd cadmium	0.0000022.0×10−6	0.00000161.6×10−6	0.000001611.61×10−6 (6.5%)
49 In indium	0.0000013about 1.3×10−6	0.000000191.9×10−7	0.0000001841.84×10−7 (6.4%)
50 Sn tin	0.000003about 3.0×10−6	0.00000393.9×10−6	0.000003823.82×10−6 (9.4%)
51 Sb antimony	0.0000003about 3.0×10−7	0.000000313.1×10−7	0.0000003093.09×10−7 (18%)
52 Te tellurium	0.000	0.00000494.9×10−6	0.000004814.81×10−6 (10%)
53 I iodine	0.000	0.00000099.0×10−7	0.00000099.00×10−7 (21%)
54 Xe xenon	0.000	0.00000484.8×10−6	0.00000474.70×10−6 (20%)
55 Cs caesium	0.000	0.000000373.7×10−7	0.0000003723.72×10−7 (5.6%)
56 Ba barium	0.00000383.8×10−6	0.00000454.5×10−6	0.000004494.49×10−6 (6.3%)
57 La lanthanum	0.00000055.0×10−7	0.000000444.4×10−7	0.0000004464.46×10−7 (2.0%)
58 Ce cerium	0.0000011.0×10−6	0.00000111.1×10−6	0.0000011361.136×10−6 (1.7%)
59 Pr praseodymium	0.000000141.4×10−7	0.000000171.7×10−7	0.00000016691.669×10−7 (2.4%)
60 Nd neodymium	0.00000099.0×10−7	0.000000838.3×10−7	0.00000082798.279×10−7 (1.3%)
61 Pm promethium	0.000	0.000	0.000
62 Sm samarium	0.00000033.0×10−7	0.000000262.6×10−7	0.00000025822.582×10−7 (1.3%)
63 Eu europium	0.000000099.0×10−8	0.0000000979.7×10−8	0.00000009739.73×10−8 (1.6%)
64 Gd gadolinium	0.000000373.7×10−7	0.000000333.3×10−7	0.000000333.30×10−7 (1.4%)
65 Tb terbium	0.000000002about 2.0×10−8	0.0000000606.0×10−8	0.00000006036.03×10−8 (2.2%)
66 Dy dysprosium	0.000000353.5×10−7	0.00000044.0×10−7	0.00000039423.942×10−7 (1.4%)
67 Ho holmium	0.00000005about 5.0×10−8	0.0000000898.9×10−8	0.00000008898.89×10−8 (2.4%)
68 Er erbium	0.000000242.4×10−7	0.000000252.5×10−7	0.00000025082.508×10−7 (1.3%)
69 Tm thulium	0.00000003about 3.0×10−8	0.0000000383.8×10−8	0.00000003783.78×10−8 (2.3%)
70 Yb ytterbium	0.000000343.4×10−7	0.000000252.5×10−7	0.00000024792.479×10−7 (1.6%)
71 Lu lutetium	0.00000015about 1.5×10−7	0.0000000373.7×10−8	0.00000003673.67×10−8 (1.3%)
72 Hf hafnium	0.000000212.1×10−7	0.000000151.5×10−7	0.0000001541.54×10−7 (1.9%)
73 Ta tantalum	0.000	0.0000000383.8×10−8	0.00000002072.07×10−8 (1.8%)
74 W tungsten	0.00000036about 3.6×10−7	0.000000131.3×10−7	0.0000001331.33×10−7 (5.1%)
75 Re rhenium	0.000	0.000000055.0×10−8	0.00000005175.17×10−8 (9.4%)
76 Os osmium	0.00000088.0×10−7	0.000000676.7×10−7	0.0000006756.75×10−7 (6.3%)
77 Ir iridium	0.00000066.0×10−7	0.000000666.6×10−7	0.0000006616.61×10−7 (6.1%)
78 Pt platinum	0.0000018about 1.8×10−6	0.000001341.34×10−6	0.000001341.34×10−6 (7.4%)
79 Au gold	0.0000003about 3.0×10−7	0.000000191.9×10−7	0.0000001871.87×10−7 (15%)
80 Hg mercury	0.000	0.000000343.4×10−7	0.000000343.40×10−7 (12%)
81 Tl thallium	0.0000002about 2.0×10−7	0.000000191.9×10−7	0.0000001841.84×10−7 (9.4%)
82 Pb lead	0.0000022.0×10−6	0.00000313.1×10−6	0.000003153.15×10−6 (7.8%)
83 Bi bismuth	0.000	0.000000141.4×10−7	0.0000001441.44×10−7 (8.2%)
84 Po polonium	0.000	0.000	0.000
85 At astatine	0.000	0.000	0.000
86 Rn radon	0.000	0.000	0.000
87 Fr francium	0.000	0.000	0.000
88 Ra radium	0.000	0.000	0.000
89 Ac actinium	0.000	0.000	0.000
90 Th thorium	0.000000055.0×10−8	0.0000000454.5×10−8	0.00000003353.35×10−8 (5.7%)
91 Pa protactinium	0.000	0.000	0.000
92 U uranium	0.000	0.0000000181.8×10−8	0.0000000099.00×10−9 (8.4%)
93 Np neptunium	0.000	0.000	0.000
94 Pu plutonium	0.000	0.000	0.000

Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust

• C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
• C2 — Crust: Kaye and Laby
• C3 — Crust: Greenwood
• C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
• C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
• C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
• U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
• U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)

Mass fraction, in kg/kg

	C1	C2	C3	C4	C5	C6	U1	U2
01 H hydrogen	0.00141.40×10−3		0.001521.520×10−3
02 He helium	0.000000008008×10−9
03 Li lithium	0.0000202.0×10−5	0.0000202.0×10−5	0.0000181.8×10−5	0.0000131.3×10−5	0.00001371.37×10−5		0.0000202.0×10−5	0.0000222.2×10−5
04 Be beryllium	0.00000282.8×10−6	0.00000202.0×10−6	0.00000202×10−6	0.00000151.500×10−6			0.00000303.000×10−6
05 B boron	0.0000101.0×10−5	0.00000707.0×10−6	0.00000909×10−6	0.0000101.0000×10−5			0.00001501.5000×10−5
06 C carbon	0.000202.00×10−4		0.0001801.80×10−4		0.0037603.76×10−3
07 N nitrogen	0.0000191.9×10−5	0.0000202.0×10−5	0.0000191.9×10−5
08 O oxygen	0.4614.61×10−1	0.3703.7×10−1	0.4554.55000×10−1
09 F fluorine	0.0005855.85×10−4	0.000464.6×10−4	0.0005445.44×10−4		0.0005255.25×10−4
10 Ne neon	0.00000000505×10−9
11 Na sodium	0.02362.36×10−2	0.0232.3×10−2	0.0272.2700×10−2	0.0232.3000×10−2	0.02442.4400×10−2	0.0313.1000×10−2	0.02892.89×10−2	0.02572.57×10−2
12 Mg magnesium	0.02332.33×10−2	0.0282.8×10−2	0.027642.7640×10−2	0.0323.20×10−2	0.02372.37×10−2	0.01691.69×10−2	0.01331.33×10−2	0.01351.35×10−2
13 Al aluminium	0.08238.23×10−2	0.088.0×10−2	0.0838.3000×10−2	0.08418.4100×10−2	0.083058.3050×10−2	0.08528.5200×10−2	0.08048.0400×10−2	0.07747.7400×10−2
14 Si silicon	0.2822.82×10−1	0.272.7×10−1	0.2722.72000×10−1	0.26772.677×10−1	0.2812.81×10−1	0.2952.95×10−1	0.3083.08×10−1	0.3043.04×10−1
15 P phosphorus	0.001051.05×10−3	0.0011.0×10−3	0.001121.120×10−3		0.0007637.63×10−4	0.000838.30×10−4
16 S sulfur	0.000353.50×10−4	0.00033.0×10−4	0.000343.40×10−4		0.0008818.81×10−4
17 Cl chlorine	0.0001451.45×10−4	0.000191.9×10−4	0.0001261.26×10−4		0.00191.900×10−3
18 Ar argon	0.00000353.5×10−6
19 K potassium	0.02092.09×10−2	0.0171.7×10−2	0.01841.8400×10−2	0.00919.100×10−3	0.01761.7600×10−2	0.0171.7000×10−2	0.0282.8000×10−2	0.02572.5700×10−2
20 Ca calcium	0.04154.15×10−2	0.0515.1×10−2	0.04664.6600×10−2	0.05295.2900×10−2	0.04924.9200×10−2	0.0343.4000×10−2	0.033.0000×10−2	0.02952.9500×10−2
21 Sc scandium	0.0000222.2×10−5	0.0000222.2×10−5	0.0000252.5×10−5	0.00003003.0×10−5	0.00002142.14×10−5		0.0000111.1×10−5	0.0000077×10−6
22 Ti titanium	0.005655.65×10−3	0.00868.6×10−3	0.006326.320×10−3	0.00545.400×10−3	0.005255.250×10−3	0.00363.600×10−3	0.0033.000×10−3	0.003123.120×10−3
23 V vanadium	0.000121.20×10−4	0.000171.7×10−4	0.0001361.36×10−4	0.000232.30×10−4	0.0001341.34×10−4		0.00006006.0×10−5	0.0000535.3×10−5
24 Cr chromium	0.0001021.02×10−4	0.0000969.6×10−5	0.0001221.22×10−4	0.0001851.85×10−4	0.0001461.46×10−4	0.0000565.6×10−5	0.0000353.5×10−5	0.0000353.5×10−5
25 Mn manganese	0.000959.50×10−4	0.0011.0×10−3	0.001061.060×10−3	0.001041.400×10−3	0.0008478.47×10−4	0.0011.000×10−3	0.00066.00×10−4	0.0005275.27×10−4
26 Fe iron	0.05635.63×10−2	0.0585.8×10−2	0.0626.2000×10−2	0.07077.07×10−2	0.04924.92×10−2	0.0383.8×10−2	0.0353.50×10−2	0.03093.09×10−2
27 Co cobalt	0.0000252.5×10−5	0.0000282.8×10−5	0.0000292.9×10−5	0.0000292.9×10−5	0.00002542.54×10−5		0.00001001.0×10−5	0.0000121.2×10−5
28 Ni nickel	0.0000848.4×10−5	0.0000727.2×10−5	0.0000999.9×10−5	0.0001051.05×10−4	0.00006956.95×10−5	0.0000353.5×10−5	0.0000202×10−5	0.0000191.9×10−5
29 Cu copper	0.000066.0×10−5	0.0000585.8×10−5	0.0000686.8×10−5	0.0000757.5×10−5	0.0000474.7×10−5		0.0000252.5×10−5	0.0000141.4×10−5
30 Zn zinc	0.000077.0×10−5	0.0000828.2×10−5	0.0000767.6×10−5	0.000088.0×10−5	0.0000767.6×10−5		0.0000717.1×10−5	0.0000525.2×10−5
31 Ga gallium	0.0000191.9×10−5	0.0000171.7×10−5	0.0000191.9×10−5	0.0000181.8×10−5	0.00001861.86×10−5		0.0000171.7×10−5	0.0000141.4×10−5
32 Ge germanium	0.00000151.5×10−6	0.00000131.3×10−6	0.00000151.5×10−6	0.00000161.6×10−6	0.000001321.32×10−6		0.00000161.6×10−6
33 As arsenic	0.00000181.8×10−6	0.0000022.0×10−6	0.00000181.8×10−6	0.0000011.0×10−6	0.000002032.03×10−6		0.00000151.5×10−6
34 Se selenium	0.000000055×10−8	0.000000055×10−8	0.000000055×10−8	0.000000055×10−8	0.0000001531.53×10−7		0.000000055×10−8
35 Br bromine	0.00000242.4×10−6	0.0000044.0×10−6	0.00000252.5×10−6		0.000006956.95×10−6
36 Kr krypton	0.00000000011×10−10
37 Rb rubidium	0.0000909.0×10−5	0.0000707.0×10−5	0.0000787.8×10−5	0.0000323.2×10−5	0.0000797.90×10−5	0.0000616.1×10−5	0.000121.12×10−4	0.000111.10×10−4
38 Sr strontium	0.000373.70×10−4	0.000454.5×10−4	0.0003843.84×10−4	0.000262.60×10−4	0.0002932.93×10−4	0.0005035.03×10−4	0.000353.50×10−4	0.0003163.16×10−4
39 Y yttrium	0.0000333.3×10−5	0.000000353.5×10−7	0.0000313.1×10−5	0.000022.0×10−5		0.0000141.4×10−5	0.0000222.2×10−5	0.0000212.1×10−5
40 Zr zirconium	0.0001651.65×10−4	0.000141.4×10−4	0.0001621.62×10−4	0.0001001.00×10−4		0.000212.10×10−4	0.000191.90×10−4	0.000242.40×10−4
41 Nb niobium	0.000022.0×10−5	0.000022.0×10−5	0.000022.0×10−5	0.0000111.1000×10−5		0.0000131.3000×10−5	0.0000252.5000×10−5	0.0000262.6000×10−5
42 Mo molybdenum	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.0000011.000×10−6			0.00000151.500×10−6
43 Tc technetium
44 Ru ruthenium	0.0000000011×10−9		0.00000000011×10−10
45 Rh rhodium	0.0000000011×10−9		0.00000000011×10−10
46 Pd palladium	0.0000000151.5×10−8	0.0000000033×10−9	0.0000000151.5×10−8	0.0000000011.0×10−9			0.00000000055×10−10
47 Ag silver	0.0000000757.5×10−8	0.000000088×10−8	0.000000088×10−8	0.000000088.0×10−8	0.00000006956.95×10−8		0.000000055.0×10−8
48 Cd cadmium	0.000000151.5×10−7	0.000000181.8×10−7	0.000000161.6×10−7	0.0000000989.8×10−8	0.00000011.00×10−7		0.0000000989.8×10−8
49 In indium	0.000000252.5×10−7	0.00000022×10−7	0.000000242.4×10−7	0.000000055.0×10−8	0.00000006956.95×10−8		0.000000055.0×10−8
50 Sn tin	0.00000232.3×10−6	0.00000151.5×10−6	0.00000212.1×10−6	0.00000252.500×10−6			0.00000555.500×10−6
51 Sb antimony	0.00000022×10−7	0.00000022×10−7	0.00000022×10−7	0.00000022.00×10−7	0.0000002032.03×10−7		0.00000022.00×10−7
52 Te tellurium	0.0000000011×10−9		0.0000000011×10−9		0.000000002032.03×10−9
53 I iodine	0.000000454.5×10−7	0.00000055×10−7	0.000000464.6×10−7		0.000001541.540×10−6
54 Xe xenon	0.000000000033×10−11
55 Cs caesium	0.000003003×10−6	0.00000161.6×10−6	0.00000262.6×10−6	0.000001001.000×10−6	0.000001311.310×10−6		0.00000373.700×10−6
56 Ba barium	0.0004254.25×10−4	0.000383.8×10−4	0.000393.90×10−4	0.000252.50000×10−4	0.0005425.42000×10−4	0.0007077.07000×10−4	0.000555.50000×10−4	0.001071.070000×10−3
57 La lanthanum	0.0000393.9×10−5	0.000055.0×10−5	0.0000353.5×10−5	0.0000161.6000×10−5	0.0000292.9000×10−5	0.0000282.8000×10−5	0.000033.0000×10−5	0.00000323.200×10−6
58 Ce cerium	0.00006656.65×10−5	0.0000838.3×10−5	0.0000666.6×10−5	0.0000333.3000×10−5	0.00005425.4200×10−5	0.0000575.7000×10−5	0.0000646.4000×10−5	0.0000656.5000×10−5
59 Pr praseodymium	0.00000929.2×10−6	0.0000131.3×10−5	0.00000919.1×10−6	0.00000393.900×10−6			0.00000717.100×10−6
60 Nd neodymium	0.00004154.15×10−5	0.0000444.4×10−5	0.000044.0×10−5	0.0000161.6000×10−5	0.00002542.5400×10−5	0.0000232.3000×10−5	0.0000262.6000×10−5	0.0000262.6000×10−5
61 Pm promethium
62 Sm samarium	0.000007057.05×10−6	0.00000777.7×10−6	0.0000077.0×10−6	0.00000353.500×10−6	0.000005595.590×10−6	0.00000414.100×10−6	0.00000454.500×10−6	0.00000454.500×10−6
63 Eu europium	0.0000022.0×10−6	0.00000222.2×10−6	0.00000212.1×10−6	0.00000111.100×10−6	0.0000014071.407×10−6	0.000001091.090×10−6	0.000000888.80×10−7	0.000000949.40×10−7
64 Gd gadolinium	0.00000626.2×10−6	0.00000636.3×10−6	0.00000616.1×10−6	0.00000333.300×10−6	0.000008148.140×10−6		0.00000383.800×10−6	0.00000282.800×10−6
65 Tb terbium	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.0000011.0×10−6	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.00000066.00×10−7	0.000001021.020×10−6	0.000000535.30×10−7	0.000000646.40×10−7	0.000000484.80×10−7
66 Dy dysprosium	0.00000525.2×10−6	0.00000858.5×10−6		0.00000373.700×10−6	0.0000061026.102×10−6		0.00000353.500×10−6
67 Ho holmium	0.00000131.3×10−6	0.00000161.6×10−6	0.00000131.3×10−6	0.000000787.80×10−7	0.000001861.860×10−6		0.00000088.00×10−7	0.000000626.20×10−7
68 Er erbium	0.00000353.5×10−6	0.00000363.6×10−6	0.00000353.5×10−6	0.00000222.200×10−6	0.000003393.390×10−6		0.00000232.300×10−6
69 Tm thulium	0.000000525.2×10−7	0.000000525.2×10−7	0.00000055×10−7	0.000000323.20×10−7		0.000000242.40×10−7	0.000000333.30×10−7
70 Yb ytterbium	0.00000323.2×10−6	0.00000343.4×10−6	0.00000313.1×10−6	0.00000222.200×10−6	0.000003393.390×10−6	0.000001531.530×10−6	0.00000222.200×10−6	0.00000151.500×10−6
71 Lu lutetium	0.000000808×10−7	0.000000808×10−7		0.000000303.00×10−7	0.0000005765.76×10−7	0.000000232.30×10−7	0.000000323.20×10−7	0.000000232.30×10−7
72 Hf hafnium	0.000003003.0×10−6	0.000004004×10−6	0.00000282.8×10−6	0.000003003.000×10−6	0.000003463.460×10−6	0.00000474.700×10−6	0.00000585.800×10−6	0.00000585.800×10−6
73 Ta tantalum	0.0000022.0×10−6	0.00000242.4×10−6	0.00000171.7×10−6	0.0000011.000×10−6	0.0000022032.203×10−6		0.00000222.200×10−6
74 W tungsten	0.000001251.25×10−6	0.0000011.0×10−6	0.00000121.2×10−6	0.0000011.000×10−6	0.000001311.310×10−6		0.0000022.000×10−6
75 Re rhenium	0.00000000077×10−10	0.00000000044×10−10	0.00000000077×10−10	0.00000000055×10−10	0.000000001021.02×10−9		0.00000000055×10−10
76 Os osmium	0.00000000151.5×10−9	0.00000000022×10−10	0.0000000055×10−9		0.000000001021.02×10−9
77 Ir iridium	0.0000000011×10−9	0.00000000022×10−10	0.0000000011×10−9	0.00000000011×10−10	0.000000001021.02×10−9		0.000000000022×10−11
78 Pt platinum	0.0000000055×10−9		0.000000011×10−8
79 Au gold	0.0000000044×10−9	0.0000000022×10−9	0.0000000044×10−9	0.0000000033.0×10−9	0.000000004074.07×10−9		0.00000000181.8×10−9
80 Hg mercury	0.0000000858.5×10−8	0.000000022×10−8	0.000000088×10−8
81 Tl thallium	0.000000858.5×10−7	0.000000474.7×10−7	0.00000077×10−7	0.000000363.60×10−7			0.000000757.50×10−7	0.000000525.20×10−7
82 Pb lead	0.0000141.4×10−5	0.000011.0×10−5	0.0000131.3×10−5	0.0000088.000×10−6		0.0000151.5000×10−5	0.000022.0000×10−5	0.0000171.7000×10−5
83 Bi bismuth	0.00000000858.5×10−9	0.0000000044×10−9	0.0000000088×10−9	0.000000066.0×10−8			0.0000001271.27×10−7
84 Po polonium	0.00000000000000022×10−16
85 At astatine
86 Rn radon	0.00000000000000000044×10−19
87 Fr francium
88 Ra radium	0.00000000000099×10−13
89 Ac actinium	0.000000000000000555.5×10−16
90 Th thorium	0.00000969.6×10−6	0.00000585.8×10−6	0.00000818.1×10−6	0.00000353.500×10−6		0.00000575.700×10−6	0.00001071.0700×10−5	0.000011.0000×10−5
91 Pa protactinium	0.00000000000141.4×10−12
92 U uranium	0.00000272.7×10−6	0.00000161.6×10−6	0.00000232.3×10−6	0.000000919.10×10−7	0.00000121.200×10−6	0.00000131.300×10−6	0.00000282.800×10−6	0.00000252.500×10−6
93 Np neptunium
94 Pu plutonium

Urban soils

The established abundances of chemical elements in urban soils can be considered a geochemical (ecological and geochemical) characteristic, the accumulated impact of technogenic and natural processes at the beginning of the 21st century. The figures estimate average concentrations of chemical elements in the soils of more than 300 cities and settlements in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and America. Regardless of significant differences between abundances of several elements in urban soils and those values calculated for the Earth's crust, the element abundances in urban soils generally reflect those in the Earth's crust. With the development of technology the abundances may be refined.

Mass fraction, in mg/kg (ppm).

Element	Atomic number	Abundance in urban soils
Ag	47	0.37
Al	13	38200
As	33	15.9
B	5	45
Ba	56	853.12
Be	4	3.3
Bi	83	1.12
C	6	45100
Ca	20	53800
Cd	48	0.9
Cl	17	285
Co	27	14.1
Cr	24	80
Cs	55	5.0
Cu	29	39
Fe	26	22300
Ga	31	16.2
Ge	32	1.8
H	1	15000
Hg	80	0.88
K	19	13400
La	57	34
Li	3	49.5
Mg	12	7900
Mn	25	729
Mo	42	2.4
N	7	10000
Na	11	5800
Nb	41	15.7
Ni	28	33
O	8	490000
P	15	1200
Pb	82	54.5
Rb	37	58
S	16	1200
Sb	51	1.0
Sc	21	9.4
Si	14	289000
Sn	50	6.8
Sr	38	458
Ta	73	1.5
Ti	22	4758
Tl	81	1.1
V	23	104.9
W	74	2.9
Y	39	23.4
Yb	70	2.4
Zn	30	158
Zr	40	255.6

Sea water

• W1 — CRC Handbook
• W2 — Kaye & Laby

Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L. (The average density of sea water in the surface is 1.025 kg/L)

	W1	W2
01 H hydrogen	0.1081.08×10−1	0.1101.1×10−1
02 He helium	0.00000000000707×10−12	0.00000000000727.2×10−12
03 Li lithium	0.000000181.8×10−7	0.000000171.7×10−7
04 Be beryllium	0.00000000000565.6×10−12	0.00000000000066×10−13
05 B boron	0.000004444.44×10−6	0.00000444.4×10−6
06 C carbon	0.0000282.8×10−5	0.0000282.8×10−5
07 N nitrogen	0.00000055×10−7	0.0000161.6×10−5
08 O oxygen	0.8578.57×10−1	0.888.8×10−1
09 F fluorine	0.00000131.3×10−6	0.00000131.3×10−6
10 Ne neon	0.000000000121.2×10−10	0.000000000121.2×10−10
11 Na sodium	0.01081.08×10−2	0.0111.1×10−2
12 Mg magnesium	0.001291.29×10−3	0.00131.3×10−3
13 Al aluminium	0.0000000022×10−9	0.0000000011×10−9
14 Si silicon	0.00000222.2×10−6	0.00000292.9×10−6
15 P phosphorus	0.000000066×10−8	0.0000000888.8×10−8
16 S sulfur	0.0009059.05×10−4	0.00099.0×10−4
17 Cl chlorine	0.01941.94×10−2	0.0191.9×10−2
18 Ar argon	0.000000454.5×10−7	0.000000454.5×10−7
19 K potassium	0.0003993.99×10−4	0.000393.9×10−4
20 Ca calcium	0.0004124.12×10−4	0.000414.1×10−4
21 Sc scandium	0.00000000000066×10−13	0.000000000004< 4×10−12
22 Ti titanium	0.0000000011×10−9	0.0000000011×10−9
23 V vanadium	0.00000000252.5×10−9	0.00000000191.9×10−9
24 Cr chromium	0.00000000033×10−10	0.00000000022×10−10
25 Mn manganese	0.00000000022×10−10	0.00000000191.9×10−9
26 Fe iron	0.0000000022×10−9	0.00000000343.4×10−9
27 Co cobalt	0.000000000022×10−11	0.000000000393.9×10−10
28 Ni nickel	0.000000000565.6×10−10	0.00000000666.6×10−9
29 Cu copper	0.000000000252.5×10−10	0.0000000232.3×10−8
30 Zn zinc	0.00000000494.9×10−9	0.0000000111.1×10−8
31 Ga gallium	0.000000000033×10−11	0.000000000033×10−11
32 Ge germanium	0.000000000055×10−11	0.000000000066×10−11
33 As arsenic	0.00000000373.7×10−9	0.00000000262.6×10−9
34 Se selenium	0.00000000022×10−10	0.000000000099.0×10−11
35 Br bromine	0.00006736.73×10−5	0.0000676.7×10−5
36 Kr krypton	0.000000000212.1×10−10	0.000000000212.1×10−10
37 Rb rubidium	0.000000121.2×10−7	0.000000121.2×10−7
38 Sr strontium	0.00000797.9×10−6	0.00000818.1×10−6
39 Y yttrium	0.0000000000131.3×10−11	0.00000000000131.3×10−12
40 Zr zirconium	0.000000000033×10−11	0.0000000000262.6×10−11
41 Nb niobium	0.000000000011×10−11	0.0000000000151.5×10−11
42 Mo molybdenum	0.000000011×10−8	0.000000011.0×10−8
43 Tc technetium	0.0	0.0
44 Ru ruthenium	0.00000000000077×10−13	0.0
45 Rh rhodium	0.0	0.0
46 Pd palladium	0.0	0.0
47 Ag silver	0.000000000044×10−11	0.000000000282.8×10−10
48 Cd cadmium	0.000000000111.1×10−10	0.000000000111.1×10−10
49 In indium	0.000000022×10−8	0.0
50 Sn tin	0.0000000000044×10−12	0.000000000818.1×10−10
51 Sb antimony	0.000000000242.4×10−10	0.000000000333.3×10−10
52 Te tellurium	0.0	0.0
53 I iodine	0.000000066×10−8	0.0000000646.4×10−8
54 Xe xenon	0.000000000055×10−11	0.0000000000474.7×10−11
55 Cs caesium	0.00000000033×10−10	0.00000000033.0×10−10
56 Ba barium	0.0000000131.3×10−8	0.0000000212.1×10−8
57 La lanthanum	0.00000000000343.4×10−12	0.00000000000343.4×10−12
58 Ce cerium	0.00000000000121.2×10−12	0.00000000000121.2×10−12
59 Pr praseodymium	0.000000000000646.4×10−13	0.000000000000646.4×10−13
60 Nd neodymium	0.00000000000282.8×10−12	0.00000000000282.8×10−12
61 Pm promethium	0.0	0.0
62 Sm samarium	0.000000000000454.5×10−13	0.000000000000454.5×10−13
63 Eu europium	0.000000000000131.3×10−13	0.000000000000131.3×10−13
64 Gd gadolinium	0.00000000000077×10−13	0.00000000000077.0×10−13
65 Tb terbium	0.000000000000141.4×10−13	0.00000000000141.4×10−12
66 Dy dysprosium	0.000000000000919.1×10−13	0.000000000000919.1×10−13
67 Ho holmium	0.000000000000222.2×10−13	0.000000000000222.2×10−13
68 Er erbium	0.000000000000878.7×10−13	0.00000000000878.7×10−12
69 Tm thulium	0.000000000000171.7×10−13	0.000000000000171.7×10−13
70 Yb ytterbium	0.000000000000828.2×10−13	0.000000000000828.2×10−13
71 Lu lutetium	0.000000000000151.5×10−13	0.000000000000151.5×10−13
72 Hf hafnium	0.0000000000077×10−12	0.000000000008< 8×10−12
73 Ta tantalum	0.0000000000022×10−12	0.0000000000025< 2.5×10−12
74 W tungsten	0.00000000011×10−10	0.000000000001< 1×10−12
75 Re rhenium	0.0000000000044×10−12	0.0
76 Os osmium	0.0	0.0
77 Ir iridium	0.0	0.0
78 Pt platinum	0.0	0.0
79 Au gold	0.0000000000044×10−12	0.0000000000111.1×10−11
80 Hg mercury	0.000000000033×10−11	0.000000000151.5×10−10
81 Tl thallium	0.0000000000191.9×10−11	0.0
82 Pb lead	0.000000000033×10−11	0.000000000033×10−11
83 Bi bismuth	0.000000000022×10−11	0.000000000022×10−11
84 Po polonium	0.0000000000000000000151.5×10−20	0.0
85 At astatine	0.0	0.0
86 Rn radon	0.00000000000000000000066×10−22	0.0
87 Fr francium	0.0	0.0
88 Ra radium	0.0000000000000000898.9×10−17	0.0
89 Ac actinium	0.0	0.0
90 Th thorium	0.0000000000011×10−12	0.00000000000151.5×10−12
91 Pa protactinium	0.000000000000000055×10−17	0.0
92 U uranium	0.00000000323.2×10−9	0.00000000333.3×10−9
93 Np neptunium	0.0	0.0
94 Pu plutonium	0.0	0.0

Notes

Due to the estimate nature of these values, no single recommendations are given. All values are normalized for these tables. Underlined zeroes indicate figures of indeterminable significance that were present in the source notation.